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TABLE OF CONTENT Definition History The Cremation Process Equipment in the Crematorium Technology to Reduce Pollution and Save Energy What Does It Take to Work in the Crematorium? Well Known Crematoriums Other Funeral Places and Types of Funerals Definition Cremation is the process of disposing of a body by reducing it to ashes with intense heat. This process takes place in a crematorium. Most crematoriums have a viewing chamber, or chapel, where family and friends can hold the funeral immediately prior to cremation. Crematoriums are commonly located at funeral homes or cemeteries but are sometimes located in chapels. Most crematoriums are private businesses, however, some are run by government agencies. History In India, before the industrial revolution, cremations commonly took place in the open air with wood, coal, and other flammable materials. The regenerative furnace was developed by Sir Charles William Siemens in the 1850s. Later, at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873, a demonstration of Brunetti's cremating apparatus attracted great attention. One particularly interested party was Henry Thompson, a pioneer of cremation in England. The Cremation Society of Great Britain was founded in 1874 to ascertain the legality of cremation. This led to the construction of the first crematorium, or crematory, in England. It came into service in 1885. The Protestants were the first practitioners of cremation. It wasn’t until1963 that Pope Paul VI revoked the ban on cremation for Catholics. Since the beginning of the 20th century, cremation has become more widely accepted throughout the world. Crematories are now more common. The Cremation Process Before cremation, it may be necessary to embalm the body if the family members want to view the body as part of the funeral service. Regulations regarding embalming vary by location. Embalming is usually carried out with fluid consisting of formaldehyde, methanol, and other solvents. Because of the toxicity of the embalming fluids, some families opt not to have a public viewing in order to avoid embalming prior to cremation. The body is put into a flammable cremation casket and a metal identification tag is attached. The cremation furnace warms the cremation chamber. This chamber is constructed from superior masonry compound and fire-resistant bricks that can withstand extremely high temperatures. The casket is then placed in the cremation chamber. Modern crematories have automatic doors that prevent heat loss, but even with a manual door the cremation chamber is shut and the cremation begins. The modern cremation furnace is fuelled by natural gas or propane. The main burner is ignited and the temperature within the chamber rises to 1800-2000 degrees Fahrenheit. The entire cremation process takes between 11/2 to 4 hours. This can vary depending on the size of the body, the technology of the cremation furnace, and the type of cremation chamber. Equipment in the Crematorium The Combustion Chamber A combustion chamber usually consists of two parts – a primary chamber and a secondary chamber. The casket with the body inside is placed in the primary chamber. Upon ignition, water contained in the body vaporizes and organic tissues oxidize. Smoke is directed into the secondary chamber at the end of or above the primary chamber. This chamber burns the organic materials released from the primary chamber to reduce air pollution and eliminate the emission of odors and smoke. Technology to Reduce Pollution and Save Energy Cremation technology continues to advance and has brought about more efficient cremation furnaces and automated cremation. The latest hi-tech crematories are fully automatic, reliable, and quiet. Operating controls include features to improve usability and reduce maintenance. Features Include: 1. A continuous 24-hour operation that does not require cooling down between cremations 2. Special features such as a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to cremate obese cadavers 3. Low noise output 4. An advanced air combustion distribution system to control emissions and pollution More recently, crematoriums have started to innovate an environmentally friendly technology, aimed at minimizing carbon emissions and greenhouse gasses. The introduction of alkaline hydrolysis, also known as bio-cremation or resonation, has led to a significant reduction of carbon dioxide. This new process involves immersing the body in a mixture of water and lye and heating it to a temperature of 320 degrees Fahrenheit, at high pressure to prevent boiling. This breaks down the body effectually into its chemical components. The entire process takes about 3 hours. Hygiene and Cleanliness It is essential to maintain high standards of hygiene and cleanliness in the crematorium in order to avoid both bad odors and the risk of infection. By doing so, managers can ensure a healthy working environment for cremators and make it a suitable environment for clients and visitors. Promoting cleanliness and hygiene also helps in an environmental context. All of this is regulated by authorities, trade organizations, and environmental legislation. What Does It Take to Work in the Crematorium? A crematorium technician has a broad range of responsibilities besides cremating. These duties include: Cleaning and preparing the chapel Ensuring proper functioning of the crematory furnace Keeping records and ensuring compliance with all legislation and other regulations Ensuring the deceased is correctly identified and stored Escorting and comforting the family of the deceased Working in a crematorium requires strong administrative and interpersonal skills. A minimum educational standard of a high school diploma is typically preferred, but most crematorium technicians receive specialized on-the-job training. Official training is offered by the Institute of Cemetery and Crematorium Management(ICCM) in the United Kingdom. This is known as the Crematoriums Technicians’ Training Scheme (CTTS) and has two levels: the Intermediate Certificate for ICCM where the trainee is placed under the supervision of the mentor, and the Advanced Certificate for ICCM, where one can work individually without supervision. In the United States of America, the crematory technician needs to be certified by the Crematory Association of North America. There is a one-day training course which gives the technician the basic certification. Along with this qualification, a competent crematorium technician needs to be: Discreet, sympathetic, and respectful Possess excellent communication and managerial skills Be able to work unsupervised within the set regulations Well Known Crematoriums There are over 300 crematoriums in the United Kingdom. Most have either a woodland burial site or a cemetery attached. Cremation is currently the most popular type of funeral in the UK - 72% of all deceased are cremated. Cremation in the UK is advocated by a special interest organization called the Cremation Association of Great Britain. The increased acceptance of cremation has led to an interest in making diamonds out of ashes. This is becoming an alternative to spreading the ashes of a pet or loved one. To turn cremated ashes into diamonds requires a highly skilled workforce and a highly technical environment. Making diamonds out of ashes is a way to permanently remember the beloved deceased person. Golders Green Crematorium Golders Green is one of the most well-known crematoriums in the United Kingdom. It was the first to be built in London and one of the first in Britain. It is often viewed as the flagship of crematoriums worldwide. Located along Finchley Road, directly opposite the Jewish cemetery, the crematory is Italian-designed. It is situated on 12 acres of gardens which produce a beautiful and tranquil environment for visitors. Golders Green Crematorium is well known due to the cremation of various notable persons. Dignitaries and celebrities cremated here have come from many different career backgrounds such as music, art, theatre, films, and politics. These include Sigmund Freud, Neville Chamberlain, Anna Palova, and Ivor Novello, among many others. The Heart of Texas Just like in the UK, the United States of America (USA) has seen an increase in the acceptance of cremation. It is estimated that about 48.3% of Americans were cremated in 2015. This has led to a steady increase in the number of crematories throughout the country. The Heart of Texas is one of the most popular crematoriums in the USA. Located in Texas, it is well known because of its low-price guarantee, offering the best services in Texas. It has two locations: Austin and San Antonio, both of which offer the same competitive customer service and funeral plans. With a wide variety of urns and caskets to choose from, it is an accredited member of the Cremation Association of North America. Other Funeral Places and Types of Funerals A Memorial Garden is a place dedicated to honoring and remembrance of those we love. These are usually peaceful and tranquil locations set aside for the interment of cremation remains. They offer several different types of funerals, mostly determined by ethnicity, culture, and religious background. Traditional funerals are conducted in accordance with the traditional ways practiced by each community or religious group. More green and woodland funerals are occurring as a result of the rise of environmental awareness. In these funerals, the coffin is biodegradable and buried no deeper than two feet to reduce methane emissions. Health regulations limit the availability of green funerals since regulations typically require embalming, and the introduction of chemicals negates the intent of a green funeral. Humanistic and civic funerals are strictly non-religious and focus on celebrating the life of the deceased. Often a humanistic funeral is conducted as a memorial service after the body of the deceased has been cremated and the cremation remains scattered or buried. Burial at sea is not encouraged by the authorities, however, it is still widely practiced with stringent regulations in most countries for its use. Disposal of cremation remains is more widely accepted and is considered by many to be a realistic alternative to full burial at sea. The process of turning cremated ashes into diamonds is also a growing trend as a type of funeral. Because of the long-time frame between the death of the individual and the creation of a cremation diamond, a ceremony either before or after the cremation is typically held, with another gathering to view the diamond made out of the ashes when it is completed. Making diamonds out of ashes, spreading them on the waters, burying them in a family plot, or keeping them on a shelf are all accepted ways of coping with the loss of a loved one. Cremation is growing as a means of saying goodbye to loved ones, and what to do with the cremation remains is growing as well.

TABLE OF CONTENT The Funeral Process Explained: What to Do When a Loved One Passes Away Arranging a Funeral Ceremony For a Departed Loved One Cremation vs. Burial: Deciding What's Best for Your Loved One Finding a Final Resting Place for Your Cremated Ashes Traditional Burial Funeral Traditions and Customs Funeral Arrangement Costs Around the World When it comes to discussing the funeral process, a lot of people don’t know what to do. Losing a loved one is sometimes unexpected and usually terrifying, but it’s all part of life’s complex design that we must inevitably prepare for. A funeral is a ceremony connected with the final disposition of a corpse. The funeral process in the UK, USA, and Australia involves all preparations for a corpse, the funeral service, and final disposition. The average time between death and the funeral is 2 to 5 days in Australia, 3 to 7 days USA, and 1 to 2 weeks in the UK. Most religions require the corpse to be buried as soon as possible if a traditional cemetery funeral ceremony is planned. The First Steps to Take after the Death of a Loved One Before we dive into the nitty-gritty of the funeral process and making funeral arrangements, you should know that there are a million things to take care of when a loved one dies, and below are the crucial things to strike off your funeral arrangement checklist: Determine the Cause of Death When a loved one dies unexpectedly, instead of making funeral arrangements immediately, first call the emergency services to request for an ambulance and the police. These will contact a Coroner to determine the cause of death before allowing the death to be registered. A funeral ceremony cannot be conducted until the Coroner’s inquest has been completed and a cause of death has been established. If a person died abroad, register the death in the country in which he/she died to get a consulate death certificate and also register it in the country of birth before making funeral arrangements. If your loved one dies at home, and the death was expected, call their General Practitioner (GP) or the National Health Service helpline. They are the first contact in the funeral process. If the cause of death is known, a doctor will issue a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death, allowing you to register the death before proceeding with the funeral process in UK, USA, or Australia. If your loved one passes away in a hospital, there is hospital staff specialized in bereavement matters to explain the funeral procedures to you so you can effectively plan a funeral. Obtain the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death Acquiring a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death depends on where your loved one died and is issued only if the cause of death is known. This certificate is required in order to register the death of your loved one in their birth country — this must be done within 5 days in England or Wales and within 8 days in Scotland before you plan a funeral. Deaths in Australia must be registered within 7 days. The certificate usually includes the following information about the deceased; Name, Age, Place of death, and Cause of Death. The difference between a Death certificate and a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death: a. Medical Certificate of Cause of Death: Issued by a doctor after someone has died. It details the cause of death and is required to register the death before the funeral process begins. b. Death Certificate: A statutory certificate issued by the registrar at the time that death is registered. This is an official notification that a death has occurred. Acquiring the death certificate is vital to commencing the funeral procedure. Across the UK, each certified copy of a death certificate costs between £8.00 and £11.00, in the USA, prices range from $5.00 to $25.00 depending on the State and Australia charges $77.00 (this includes a standard certificate). Registering the Death of a Loved One The next step is registering the death of your loved one, it is vital in commencing the funeral process. To register a death in the UK, find the nearest registrar’s office or the nearest vital statistics office for those in the USA. Death is registered by the deceased’s next of kin or any close relative as they are probably the ones who’ll plan the funeral. To register a death, you need the following documents; a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death signed by a doctor, a Birth Certificate, a Council Tax bill, a Driving License, a Passport, a Marriage/Civil Partnership Certificate if applicable, an NHS Medical Card, and Proof of address. You also need to provide the registrar with; the name of the person who died, home address, date and place of birth, details of where and when the person died, occupation if applicable, the name, occupation, and date of birth of their spouse or civil partner if applicable and if they were receiving any benefits, including pensions or allowances from public funds. After registering a death, you will receive a Green Certificate that allows you to bury or cremate your deceased loved one in the UK. This is called a Cremation Permit or a Disposition Permit in the USA and Australia and it is needed to begin funeral arrangements. The UK has a “Tell Us Once” service that allows you to notify the death of your loved one to various government departments simultaneously. Some of the departments in this service include; HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), Passport Office, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA), The local council, and Veterans UK). This service helps quicken the funeral process. Arranging a Funeral Ceremony For A Departed Loved One Now that you’ve obtained the necessary documents, it’s time to proceed with the funeral process. There are a number of things to remember when organizing a funeral ceremony which is why it is important to keep a funeral arrangements checklist. A funeral arrangement checklist spells out all the things that need to be put in place for the funeral ceremony including the funeral arrangement cost and the funeral service price. Your funeral arrangement checklist should include： A decision on whether to use a funeral director or arrange the funeral yourself. A funeral director helps you in deciding on the most fitting tribute for your deceased, honoring any final wishes and ensuring that the funeral has a personal touch. If you are arranging the funeral ceremony yourself, ask for assistance from your family and friends, especially in gathering family photos and the stories they'd like to share. This would ease the somehow tedious funeral process. Also, decide on the best location for the event together and on who will give the eulogy. A decision on what type of funeral to have — traditional burial or cremation. The traditional burial funeral ceremony involves burying the body in a coffin in the ground and cremation on the other hand involves burning the corpse and converting it to ashes. Coffin preference: It is not compulsory to buy a coffin when your loved one passes on, you can rent a coffin for only the viewing ceremony in the funeral process. These rental boxes are eco-friendly and have a removable interior thus the body never touches the casket; this interior is removed after the funeral service for burial and cremation. If you pick an eco-friendly burial, the coffin must be biodegradable from materials such as cardboard, bamboo, pine, or banana leaves. Sea burials also have very strict rules about the type of coffin you can use. The kind of funeral service: The funeral service can be customized to include funeral music, funeral hymns, prayers, funeral poems, and readings from family and close friends. It can be held at a religious venue or at a crematorium that provides a chapel. Your funeral custom will likely determine activities in the funeral service. Who will lead the funeral ceremony? If you decide to have a funeral ceremony, you can lead it yourself or ask an independent funeral celebrant or a member of the clergy. Venue for the wake: Don’t forget this if you’re the one to plan the funeral. It’s important to remember that this ceremony is held to celebrate the life of the deceased and is typically less formal. Book a date and notify guests, especially relatives that need to travel from far or request time off from work. The funeral procession: The last thing on the funeral arrangement checklist, and crucial to the funeral procedure, is the funeral procession. It usually begins at the home of the deceased, but you can choose a different location. It is also possible to add a specific route for the procession to take; comprised of a journey that includes treasured memories of the deceased or personal landmarks. Cremation vs. Burial: Deciding What's Best for Your Loved One One very important aspect of the funeral procedure in the UK, USA, or Australia is the disposition of the corpse. There are two ways in which a funeral service can end; the body can either be buried traditionally or cremated. Globally, more people are embracing cremation as opposed to traditional burial. Today, 77% of all funerals in the UK are cremations rather than burials. Cremations in Canada and Australia take up almost 68.4% whereas some states in the USA such as Nevada and Washington have a rate as high as 76%. Cremation is a method of converting a body to basic elements via heat. During cremation, the body is placed in a large special-purpose kiln for several hours where the temperature is raised to approximately 2,000 degrees. After separating all impurities, the remaining bone fragments and ashes are processed and placed into an urn selected by the family during the funeral arrangements. All cremated remains are then individually tagged and accompanied by an affidavit of cremation. Impurities in cremation include; gold and other medical metals. These come from jewelry, gold teeth, metal hip implants and ornaments from coffins. A magnet is run over the cremated ashes to lift out these metals, while large replacement joints have to be removed manually. On average, cremation takes about 1 to 3 hours for a human body to completely turn to ashes. Purchasing a cremation urn for the ashes is not compulsory; the ashes can be collected in a temporary container or a transparent plastic bag provided by the crematory. Choosing an urn can be skipped in the funeral process. Since cremation is irreversible, the state requires a next of kin to authorize cremation in writing; the normal funeral procedure in UK and USA is for a medical examiner to identify the body first. Cremation funeral services can include any or all of the elements of a traditional burial including visitation, a wake, and church service either before or after the cremation. Some crematoria have video streaming facilities available, allowing absent family and friends to watch the cremation funeral service live on the internet. If you want this service, plan for it in the funeral arrangements. In direct cremation, the body is cremated shortly after death without embalming, viewing, or visitation. Embalming is required only if cremation will be done after. After the cremation ceremony in the funeral process, decide what will be done with the remains of your loved one. You can decide to take them home in an urn, include a scattering of ashes in the funeral service or purchase keepsake urns for all family members. The funeral procedure in the UK requires the following paperwork before cremation is authorized： Cremation certificate/Green form: Received after registering a death Cremation application: Authorizes a cremation to take place and is filled in by a next of kin and sent to the Cremation Authority The Cremation Authority requires 2 medical certificates from 2 separate doctors; the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death signed by a doctor who has viewed the deceased and determined the cause of the death plus a confirmatory Medical Certificate signed by a 2nd independent doctor, also certifying the fact and cause of death. If your funeral process involves cremation, ensure to get these certificates ready. Finding a Final Resting Place for Your Cremated Ashes The next step in the funeral process is what makes cremation appeal to most people compared to traditional burial. People are looking for more uniquely customized ways to honor their loved ones as opposed to burying them in the ground or simply storing their ashes in an urn as is the norm after most funeral ceremonies. Finding a final resting place for cremated ashes provides the bereaved with a go-to place or memory that they can hold onto in honor of their deceased. Ashes into a Tree After choosing a preferred tree, the ashes of a deceased are put in a biodegradable urn which is used to nourish the tree. You can fix this in your cremation funeral process if your deceased loved one has a special love for nature. Ashes into Art This is usually an artistic hand-crafted painting made with a small number of the deceased’s ashes. Fix this in your funeral process if your deceased loved one loved art. A Stepping Stone For Your Garden You can also create a concrete stepping stone for your garden and have it personalized with the ashes of your loved one. Ashes into a Tattoo A small amount of your loved one’s cremated ashes are added to regular tattoo ink, to create an ash-infused ink solution that is injected into your skin, just like a regular tattoo. Ashes into a Reef An eternal Reef is designed with environmentally-safe cast concrete mixed with your loved one’s ashes. Ashes into Fireworks A small portion of the deceased’s cremated ashes is packed into professional-grade fireworks for a memorial display as a beautiful funeral ceremony tribute. Ashes into Space Cremated ashes are sealed in small capsules and launched into space. These missions may go into orbit around the Earth, the Moon, or further into space. A lot of extra planning might be required to add this to your funeral process. Scattering Ashes at Sea You must carry the ashes in a waterproof urn before scattering them in the sea as opposed to simply placing the urn in water. This can be done from a boat or from the shoreline and the ashes must not be scattered on a privately-owned stretch of river without permission. Ashes into Jewelry/Cremation Diamonds These are synthetic diamonds created from the carbon content of a deceased’s cremated ashes. They include rings, necklaces, pendants, or bracelets. This cremation diamond jewelry can be personalized to include features that have special significance such as the deceased’s date of birth or even their favorite color. The cremation diamond jewelry then serves as a memorial diamond. The process of turning human ashes into cremation diamonds takes 6 to 9 months(1 ct) and the cost of cremation makes it an expensive process. For starters, the hair/cremated ashes of a deceased are analyzed to determine whether they contain enough carbon to be turned into a cremation diamond, about 200g of ashes or 10g of hair are required. The ashes are then placed in a specialized crucible which is heated to over 5000F to make sure every element except carbon oxidizes. Temperature is raised further so that carbon can become graphite. The graphite with a metal catalyst and a diamond seed crystal is placed into the core. The core goes into a specialized diamond press capable of creating extreme tension which then starts working thus bringing the pressure to about 800,000 pounds/square inches. During the last stretch when the press is working, the temperature in the room stays about 2500F so that the ashes turned cremation diamonds become solid. This process results in rough crystals that are cut and polished into cremation diamonds/memorial diamonds Which Religions Allow Cremation? When it comes to the funeral procedure, there’s no way we can talk about a funeral ceremony without talking about religion. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world each with a different opinion on the funeral procedure. Catholics – In 1963, the Catholic Church lifted its prohibition on cremation. However, entombment or burial still remains the preferred method for final disposition. Protestants - Protestants are neutral towards cremation and therefore don’t condemn or commend it. Buddhism - Cremation is viewed as an acceptable practice in this religion Hinduism - Cremation is mandatory in the funeral process. Traditional Burial A burial is a short funeral ceremony where the coffin containing the deceased is lowered into the ground. It takes place after the main funeral service and includes short readings and prayers, depending on the deceased’s religious beliefs; it is a common tradition to scatter soil or funeral flowers onto the coffin after it has been lowered. When this funeral ceremony concludes, family and friends place floral tributes near the grave. A burial service can be held at home, in a churchyard, cemetery, and woodland burial sites, or at sea – depending on how you plan the funeral procedure. Home burials– these take place on the private property of the deceased/bereaved. A wooden casket or a fiberboard one is used. Woodland burials – these involve planting a natural memorial such as a tree in the forest or meadow. No headstones or memorials are allowed; instead, a tree or flowers can be planted to mark the grave. Burial at sea – this funeral procedure is open to everyone and is currently permitted in 3 designated areas in the UK; (Newhaven in East Sussex, the Needles Spoil Ground in Isle of Wight, and Tynemouth in Northumberland). It requires a £175 license from the Marine Management Organization (MMO) In the USA, the Environmental Protection Agency regulations for full body burials at sea require that the site of interment be 3 nautical miles from land and at a depth of at least 600 feet. In Australia, burials at sea are regulated by the Department of Environment which issues sea dumping permits. The permits for this funeral procedure are only granted to those with a demonstrated connection to the sea, such as long-serving navy personnel or fishermen. However, a fee of $1000 must be lodged with the application for this permit. No embalming is allowed for burial at sea as this preservative leads to water pollution. So, if your funeral procedure involves burial at sea, use a cotton sheet or biodegradable body bags instead. Also, the coffin must have holes drilled through it and be evenly weighted with 200kg of iron, steel, or concrete clamped to the base. Materials such as plastic, zinc, copper, and lead are not permitted. Paperwork for a burial funeral ceremony includes; the burial certificate/green form received when you register a death and a burial plot application form for if you want to purchase a new grave or re-open an existing burial plot. The exclusive right of burial is purchased for 75 years with conditions attached depending on the type of grave. If your family already owns the Exclusive Rights of Burial for a grave, you need to provide either the Deed of Exclusive Rights of Burial or evidence that you are the proper person to have the Burial Rights so as to speed up the funeral process. Funeral arrangement costs incurred in burial include; the exclusive right of b urial (this is the burial plot itself), the interment (for the preparation of the burial plot), reopening an existing burial plot, removal, and replacement of existing memorials, purchasing a new memorial or headstone and the coffin/casket. Cremation provides a more permanent solution to the shortfalls of the funeral industry such as the global shortage of cemetery space and exorbitant prices charged by the few existing ones. London boroughs; Tower Hamlets and Hackney have ceased providing burial services and therefore residents have to go to neighboring boroughs to bury their dead, making the funeral process more tedious. In the USA, most of the largest burial grounds such as Washington Cemetery in the Brooklyn borough of New York are either filled to capacity or have just a few years left. Funeral Traditions And Customs Besides religion, the deceased’s traditions, customs, and beliefs are also underlying factors that shape the funeral process in UK, USA, or Australia. Christian Funeral Arrangement The Christian funeral process usually involves a vigil at the deceased’s home, mass at the church where the deceased worshipped, a rite of committal (the service performed at the grave site), and finally, burial to complete the funeral process. Muslim Funeral Arrangement The Islamic funeral arrangement rites include; the preparation of the body, funeral prayers, and the post-funeral reception. Prior to a Muslim funeral, the body of the deceased must be washed (Ghusl) three times and shrouded (Kafan). The deceased is wrapped in sheets and secured with ropes; one tied above the head, two around the body, and one below the feet and there is no viewing of the body. The bereaved gather at the mosque to perform Salat al-Janazah (funeral prayers) led by an Imam and this funeral service includes readings from the Quran. The grave is set at right angles to the direction of Mecca, with the deceased placed on their right side facing the Islamic holy city. Wood and stones are placed on top of the body to prevent direct contact between the person and the soil. Jewish Funeral Arrangement This is conducted by a Rabbi in a Synagogue, a day after death has occurred and no public viewing of the body is allowed. The deceased is washed, but not embalmed and then placed in a simple wooden coffin. After the funeral ceremony, the immediate family observes seven days of mourning called Shiva. During this period, the family remains at home in a ‘Shiva house’, following traditional mourning practices; friends and extended family are invited to visit the Shiva house to pay their respects and support the bereaved. Humanist/Non-Religious Funeral Arrangement This funeral procedure is led by a humanist celebrant, family member, or close friend of the deceased. This kind of funeral arrangement doesn’t include funeral hymns or prayers but can involve music and readings from loved ones. Fortunately, this funeral process can be personalized to the deceased’s interests which makes them a unique tribute. Funeral Arrangement Costs around the World Everything in the funeral process in the USA, UK, or Australia from obtaining the medical certificate of cause of death to organizing the funeral service requires money. The funeral arrangement cost of the funeral process depends on the country, for example, some crematoriums in the UK will not charge a fee if your loved one was under the age of 17. The average cost for cremation is £881 in the UK whereas the average cost of a burial in the UK is £1,698. The average cremation cost in the USA is about $1,100 as of 2017 while the average cost of a burial in the USA is approximately $7,000 and $10,000. Thus, a funeral process involving cremation will cost less than a burial in the USA. The average cremation cost in Australia is $4000 compared to the $15,000 cost of an average Australian burial (Coffin + burial). So, it costs less in Australia to plan a funeral that involves cremation. Prepaid Funeral Plans In figuring out the funeral arrangement costs for the funeral process, there are prepaid funeral plans you can consider. Pre-need: You pay for funeral products/services long before death, making the funeral process easier. You can also commit to a particular funeral provider and make monthly or quarterly payments to a third party such as a funeral insurance company over a set period of time. Preplanning: You make decisions about the type of funeral, the type of ceremony, and the products you would like. Your funeral process planning can be as simple or as detailed as you like. You can then leave the instructions with your loved ones to take care of the rest of the funeral process when the time comes. However, ask the following questions before signing any pre-need contract: What am I paying for in the funeral process and who will provide the services? Is the funeral director a licensed/ registered/credentialed insurance broker? Is the funeral pre-arrangement plan transferable/refundable without a penalty? Ask for all the details regarding the insurance company issuing the policy. What happens to my cremation plan if I relocate? States have different requirements for handling prearranged funeral service funds. Most funeral homes offer the option to transfer pre-need contracts to a new funeral home but double-check to be sure. What If There Is No Money to Pay for a Funeral? In the UK, your local council or hospital can arrange a public health funeral ceremony if there isn’t enough money in the deceased’s estate to pay for it or there are no relatives or friends to arrange the funeral. The UK had 3,784 public health funerals between 2015 and 2016 only. You can also apply for the Funeral Payment scheme from the government. This doesn’t cover all funeral arrangement costs and you have to pay the government back. Money shouldn’t be a hindrance to planning a funeral for your loved one in the UK. In the USA, if you're surviving child or spouse of a person who qualified for Social Security benefits, the government provides a one-time death benefit of $255 that you can put toward funeral expenses and proceed with the funeral procedures. In Australia, the Area Health Service organizes a destitute funeral for the deceased who is usually cremated unless there’s an objection from the bereaved. If cremation is picked, the next of kin is entitled to have the ashes of the deceased but if a burial is requested, the deceased is buried in a common grave identified by a number with no other headstone. This shows that the funeral process in Australia mostly involves cremation rather than burial. Crowdfunding (also called crowdsourcing) is another way to raise money for a funeral process by requesting donations from the general public e.g. through specialized sites dedicated to funeral and memorial financing such as Deposit a Gift, GoFundMe.com, fundthefuneral.com, etc. There you have it, everything you need to know about the funeral process in the UK, USA, Australia, and the rest of the world.

CREMATION DIAMONDS RINGS, ENDLESS LOVE TABLE OF CONTENT Brief History of Diamond Pendants A Walk Down Memory Lane - Revisiting Jewelry Rings through the Ages The Origin of Stone and Diamond Rings The Origin of Cremation Diamond Rings Memorial Rings - an Emerging Star in the World of Rings The Thin Line between a Natural and Cremation Diamond The Difference between an Engagement and Memorial Ring Design How to Choose the Ring Setting for Cremation Diamond? Personalize Cremation Rings Choosing the Right Metals? FAQ about the Ring Metals How to Choose the Right Ring Size? FAQ about the Ring Size Diamond Ring Care Worldwide Famous Diamond Rings Brief Introduction of Rings and Memorial Rings A ring is, by far, the most popular piece of jewelry. The tradition of exchanging finger rings dates back over 6,000 years ago, clearly indicating that the tradition withstands the test of time. Turning ashes into cremation rings rest on this tradition of using rings as a way to remember someone. Today a ring might also be one of the biggest and most cherished jewelry investments you’ll make in your life. We’ve taken painstaking care to educate you on your quest to discover the perfect cremation diamond ring. We’ve gathered information to help you find the keepsake ring which helps you preserve the cherished memory of your loved one. A Walk Down Memory Lane - Revisiting Jewelry Rings through the Ages A brief peek into world history will tell you that rings- made from shells, stones, and even bones- survive and predates prehistoric times. To the Ancients, a ring was a symbol of love and power. It was rare, spiritual, and magical. The knowledge of metals and gemstones (gold and diamond in particular) was an integral part of spiritual and social ascension to our ancestors. Rings were extremely popular and specific rules were developed that were strictly observed in the fashion of rings. While plain signets and bronze rings could be worn on either hand, stone-studded rings were firmly reserved for the left hand. These ornaments were, and still are, a universal form of adornment- a symbol of love, health, power, protection, and status. People exercised a great deal of effort in mastering the art of creating these treasures. In time, they developed and shared sophisticated techniques to make some of the most elaborate and intricate ornaments. The Origin of Stone and Diamond Rings Although the diamond was first discovered in India, it soon found its way into the caravans that traveled to Western Europe. In fact, many believe that it was the Victorians who popularized ornate diamond ring designs. The start of the 18th century saw the exchange of diamonds like never before. Brilliantly-cut diamonds sparkled and dominated the jewelry design. Jewelers incorporated antique and traditional designs with diamonds and gemstones and crafted some of the most beautiful and fashionable motifs. Over the years, the frontiers of ring designs have been continually redefined. Avant-garde jewelers continue to break conventions by exploring designs that embrace both beauty and ease of wear. Today, the popular round cut – which consists of 58 facets that categorize the stone into a top and bottom half joins the princess cut, the emerald cut, and the oval cut to give the consumer a wide range of options. All of these are available when designing a keepsake ring grown from the ashes of a loved one. Rings made from cremation ashes of pets or humans are referred to as cremation rings and cremation jewelry rings. The Origin of Cremation Diamond Rings Cremation diamonds have been in vogue only since the early 2000s. Just as a real diamond symbolizes eternity, a cremation diamond allows a relative to treasure the cremation remains of a loved one forever. Given the contrast between a pure, precious, and treasured diamond and a neglected, ignored, and overgrown grave, it is no wonder people with a close relationship with a deceased loved one use cremation diamonds as a way of keeping the deceased close to them. Memorial Rings - an Emerging Star in the World of Rings While engagement and wedding rings continue to dominate the world of rings, memorial rings aren’t far behind. Rings made from cremation ashes are becoming a popular trend. People from all walks of life are beginning to look at turning ashes into rings as a way to seal their love in a special way. In essence, there’s no better way to treasure the memories of a lost one than to capture their essence in a keepsake ring. The Thin Line between a Natural and Cremation Diamond While most natural diamonds are formed deep within the earth’s mantle, cremation diamonds are genuine and certified diamonds that are grown in laboratories. Cremation diamonds can resemble the appearance of a blue diamond but come in other colors, including Purely Colorless™. A diamond is 99.9% carbon and the human body is 18% of carbon. Cremation diamonds are created by isolating the carbon content from crematorium remains. They have the physical and chemical properties of a natural diamond but are created by simulating the environment of a natural diamond in order to use the purified carbon from the ashes and hair of a loved one. However, given the fact that they’re artificial, ashes to diamonds aren’t considered equal and cost relatively lesser than their natural siblings. A gemological screening can distinguish the authenticity of natural diamonds from cremation diamonds. The Difference between an Engagement and Memorial Ring Design Engagement rings generally follow a more elaborate and multifaceted design, including multi-stoned settings. The design of a memorial ring from the ashes of a loved one is generally more minimalistic and plain. The design emphasizes the main stone. This is not a surprise, since rings made from cremation ashes are intended as keepsake rings to remember the deceased loved one. How to Choose the Right Setting for Cremation diamonds? Cremation diamond rings reflect the love you have for the deceased, in addition to purity and eternity. This explains why they have become as popular as they are. Rings made from cremation ashes are the physical remains of your loved ones and provide a tangible connection to your loved ones long after they have gone. Your cremation ring reflects the unique spirit of your lost one and can help you maintain a long-lasting connection with them. Choosing Your Design Our cremation diamond rings come in a variety of designs. While we recommend simple settings such as the prong, bezel, or tension for cremation rings because of ease of wear, settings such as the pave and halo will give your diamonds a more dazzling effect. The fact is that cremation rings from ashes can be designed to reflect the life of the deceased and celebrate your relationship. Prong & Solitaire Setting These are at the top of our list because they are the most classic and common ring settings of all time. A prong is a small metal claw that is used to firmly grip the cremation diamond. A typical prong setting can feature anywhere between four and six individual prongs. The design minimizes the presence of metals while allowing light to show the brilliance of the cremation diamond. In 1886, Tiffany & Co created what is the most extraordinary prong setting. The Tiffany setting is a six-prong solitaire setting that maximizes the reflection of light on a diamond. This design gained immense popularity and was famously patented. The setting stands apart as a result of the specific prongs and knife-edge shafts used. While there may be many versions now in use, none emulate the perfection and intricate design of the original. Bezel Setting The bezel setting is the second most popular ring setting. Its modern and chic design encircles the diamond within a thin metal rim. While a full bezel encircles the diamond completely, a partial bezel exposes the sides. This simple and effective design holds the diamond securely in place while allowing the cremation diamond to shine in all its glory. Tension Setting Popularly called a floating or suspended setting, the tension setting uses tension to suspend the cremation diamond, creating the appearance that it is floating in the ring. Known as a radically different and unique design, this set showcases the color and brilliance of your cremation diamond. Rings made from cremation ashes using a tension setting stand out from the crowd. Pave Setting The pave setting mounts smaller diamonds together with minimal metal exposure between them like bricks paving a street. A keepsake ring with this setting appears as one large diamond. The setting is an interesting choice for cremation rings from the ashes of several family members tightly packed as a single stone. The pave setting is appealing while setting smaller or less brilliant cremation diamonds. Halo Setting Cremation rings with a halo setting arrange a cluster of diamonds in a concentric circle or square, usually surrounding a single center stone. Like the pave setting, the halo setting enhances the overall appeal of a keepsake ring by making it appear larger. In addition, the setting can highlight the brilliance of memorial diamonds, making this a popular setting for cremation rings ashes. Personalize Cremation Rings A cremation diamond is a keepsake that helps you to cherish your deceased loved one forever. To enhance this, Lonité offers five other ways in which you can add personal touches to rings made from cremation ashes. Heart-Shaped Cremation Diamond Rings The beautiful heart-shaped ring can be the perfect memorial ring design. A heart-shaped cremation ring captures the memories of your loved one with a symbolic heart-shaped diamond. Noted for its simple and symbolic appearance, this design is a beautiful way of remembering your loved one. Lonité can provide heart shape memorial diamond cuts under your special request. A Vial Made out of a Cremation Diamond Designed to create a permanent display of a cherished item the vial design enhances the concept of holding your deceased loved one close to you. A vial is a small charm with a tiny opening. Lonité can create a vial from your cremation diamond before mounting it into your cremation ring. We will create a small sealable opening into which you can insert tiny contents that your loved one used before their death. The contents inside the vial, made out of a Purely Colorless™ cremation diamond, can be seen from the outside. This design allows you to preserve precious contents in the sealable vial capsule. This extremely unique design carefully treasures the physical memory of your loved one in the most secure and tangible way. Hand-stamped or Engraved Memorial Rings with Love Messages Personalized messages can be hand stamped or engraved into beautifully crafted rings. What’s more, you can also create a personalized message stencil using your loved one’s handwriting. This cremation jewelry ring design is ideal for people who want to remember a special message from the deceased loved one. You can also add the name of your loved one to the memorial diamond ring made from cremation ashes. Laser inscription makes it possible to engrave your personalized love message or a special date on the girdle of the diamond. Finger Printed Memorial Rings What better way to remember a loved one than to capture and duplicate their exact fingerprint onto a ring? This absolutely unique cremation ring design allows you to feel the fingerprint of your loved one as you look at the cremation diamond ring made from their cremation ashes. Inner Message Ring An inner message on a cremation jewelry ring puts a raised message on the inside of the ring which then transfers to the skin when the keepsake ring is worn. This unique design physically reflects the impression the loved one has made on your life. Inner message rings made from cremation ashes may be the most profound way to imprint the memory of your loved one forever. Choosing the Right Metal? Only the finest metals can match the enduring quality of a memorial diamond. Each of the options provided you has its unique properties. Learn more about each choice to decide on the right metal for your cremation ring. Platinum Backed with a purity range of 90% to 95%, platinum is by far one of the strongest and most enduring metals used in jewelry. Platinum is resistant to damage and does not wear away with time. Characterized by its white undertones and its rich and exquisite appearance, this metal develops a satin finish when polished. It is one of the most sought-after metals in the world of jewelry, and one of the more expensive metals in the market. Gold Gold is commonly used in jewelry, easily rivaling platinum in popularity. It is also relatively less expensive than that metal. Available in hues of yellow, white, and rose colors, gold is an extremely versatile and elegant metal. While yellow gold is known for its traditional and timeless beauty, white gold is subtler and mimics the appearance of platinum. Rose gold is an alloy of gold mixed with copper that impresses with its rosy red tint. Palladium Palladium, like white gold, mirrors the radiant and shimmering appearance of platinum. It is far more long-lasting than white gold and therefore more popular. Regarded as one of the most fashionable metals, palladium is included in the same group of metals as platinum. Fortunately, despite its similar appearance palladium is softer than platinum and so more affordable. Palladium combines the appearance of platinum with the flexibility of gold, resulting in a metal that is ideal for ornate and contemporary jewelry. Silver Silver is one of the color most affordable precious metals used in jewelry. Like gold, pure silver is very soft and tends to damage easily. Mixing silver with metals such as copper results in a stronger metal, making it more suitable for jewelry making. Like gold, silver is rated based on the percentage of silver in the “mix”. Sterling silver is one of the metal’s purest forms, containing a minimum of 92.5% of pure silver. FAQ about the Ring Metal 1. What's the Difference Between White Gold and Platinum? Gold and platinum are the two most popularly used metals for rings. As unique as each may be, they are also similar and are commonly compared. By far the most distinguishing physical trait between gold and platinum is their color. Platinum is a naturally occurring white metal and gold in its natural form is always yellow. Platinum is also a much stronger metal than gold, which is extremely soft in its pure state. So, to mimic the appearance and strength of platinum, white gold is treated with a thin plating of rhodium. While this approach works temporarily, the rhodium plating tends to wear off over time, revealing the color of the gold alloy underneath. 2. Why Does Gold May Have Different Colors, Such As Jewelry White, Rose, and Yellow? In its natural form, gold is distinctively yellow. However, in some uses, the single tone of yellow can be too overpowering and creates too strong a contrast for most jewelry. To address these problems and create more variety, gold is mixed with other metals to create alloys with different hues. Depending on the metals added, gold can come in a variety of colors including shades of yellow, white, and rose. 3. Which is the best metal for memorial diamond rings? Jewelry is very personal, and so the “best” metal is the one that is right for you. However, platinum, 18K gold, and 14K gold are the most commonly used metals for memorial diamond rings. Platinum comes with a soft white hue and a purity backing of 90% to 95%. It’s 40% heavier than 14K gold and doesn’t tarnish or oxidize easily. Clearly the most refined and expensive of the three choices, platinum can bring out the beauty of your cremation ring. Gold is relatively less expensive and so preferred by some people. In addition, its naturally warm and diverse colors make it the standard for jewelry. 24K (karat) gold is the purest form of gold, but is so soft it is vulnerable to damage when used in jewelry. Instead, both 14K gold (consisting of 14 parts of gold and 10 parts of other metals) and 18K gold (consisting of 18 parts of gold and 6 parts of other metals) are used for jewelry. How to choose the right ring size? If the ring is too large, you have a high risk of loss, while if it’s too small, it’s painful to wear it. This makes the perfect ring size very important. A ring made from cremation ashes is especially valuable, so taking the time to determine the right size is a vital step that will insure years of memorable use. Measure Your Ring Size While there are a number of online sources to measure your finger size, there is nothing as accurate as measuring it on your own or at a store with the help of a professional. To help eliminate guesswork, here is a quick and easy way to determine your ring size. 1. Start by cutting a strip of paper or string. 2. Wrap it around the base of your finger, making sure the fit is not too tight nor too loose but is just right. 3. Mark the point at which the strings intersect the circle around your finger. 4. Now, measure the length and convert it to a corresponding ring size on the website. Popular Range of Ring Sizes for Men and Women Men’s rings generally range from sizes 8 to 14. Sizes 8 to 11 are the most commonly purchased, and size 9 is, by far, the most popular ring size for men. Women's rings range from sizes 3 to 9. Sizes 5 to 7 are the most commonly purchased and size 6 is, by far, the most popular ring size for women. Women's rings range from sizes 3 to 9. Sizes 5 to 7 are the most commonly purchased and size 6 is, by far, the most popular ring size for women. Tips During the Measurement Here are some tips to help you find the perfect ring size. Including a few tips to take note of while measuring your finger yourself. 1. If trying on sizes at a jewelry store, make sure the size feels comfortable on your finger. The right size will fit your finger snugly enough to stay secured in place, but loose enough to glide with little effort. 2. Recognize that your finger size changes with time, weather, and your health. For a reasonably consistent fit, measure your finger size a few times over the course of several weeks. 3. Write down the sizes you measure rather than try and remember them. 4. Remember that during the night time your fingers swell and so measuring in the morning will likely give a larger size. FAQ about the Ring Size 1. What if the Ring Size is Too Large? Ordering a size too large can be quite frustrating, especially if you have lost weight while waiting for your cremation jewelry ring. Fortunately, there are a few quick workarounds available. First, you can wrap a piece of yarn or ribbon around the base of the ring. This will help fill up any empty space and do the job discreetly. Secondly, the problem is common enough that you can use small plastic or rubber bands that are specifically designed to fit onto the bottom side of the ring. This should make it fit better without resizing. 2. What if the Ring Size is Too Small? If your memorial diamond ring is too small, the best solution is to ask your local jeweler to resize the ring. Resizing rings is a relatively straightforward process that is less time-consuming than making one. The type of metal will impact the process. Resizing a cremation ring is no different than any other ring. Diamond Ring Care Regardless of the type of metal you choose, the following tips will help you keep your memorial diamond ring polished, scratch-free, and as good as new: 1. Remember some metals scratch easily. It, therefore, is best to store your jewelry in individual pouches in a jewelry box. Alternatively, you can wrap your jewelry with cotton wool. This will act as an additional layer of protection against scratches. 2. To keep your jewelry clean, always rinse your jewelry in a solution of mild dish detergent and warm water. Make sure you wipe out all traces of water with a soft cloth before storing your cremation ring. 3. Always use toothbrushes with soft bristles (such as a child’s toothbrush) to get rid of any stubborn grime or crevices in your jewelry. Adult toothbrushes will increase the risk of scratches. 4. As a precautionary and proactive step, make sure you always remove your jewelry during vigorous and risk-prone activities such as swimming in chlorinated water, working with harmful chemicals, intense physical activity, etc. 5. When in doubt, ask your jeweler for any specific tips to care for your jewelry. They may be able to recommend products specific to diamonds, gold, or other precious materials. Keep in mind that rings made from cremation ashes are genuine diamonds and require no specialized care. Worldwide Famous Diamond Rings Carrie Underwood’s Flawless Yellow Diamond Ring When it comes to celebrity engagement rings, Carrie Underwood’s flawless yellow diamond ring is among everyone’s all-time favorites. In fact, the American Idol winner’s engagement ring has been creating quite a stir since we first caught a glimpse of it. Expert hockey player Mike Fisher sealed his love for the country singer with a massive canary yellow diamond, set in a halo design. Designed by Jonathan Arndt, the ring is packed with 12 carats of diamonds. The yellow diamond is truly the central crowning glory of the design weighing 5 carats by itself. Encircled by smaller diamonds all around, the ring is rumored to have cost Fisher over a million dollars and is a sight to behold. Queen Elizabeth II: Solitaire Diamond Set in Platinum Prince Philip chose a simple yet elegant diamond ring for his queen. Although this ring might be small in comparison to the queen’s other pieces of jewelry, we believe it is one of her favorite and most treasured pieces (given the fact that she wears it very frequently). The platinum ring is studded with a 3 carats diamond solitaire at the center along with 5 smaller diamonds on each side. Designed by London jeweler Philip Antrobus Ltd, it is believed that Prince Philip took a lot of interest while designing the ring for his queen. The fact that the diamonds came from a tiara belonging to Philip’s mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg, makes the ring even more special. This type of enduring family relationship is the defining characteristic of rings made from cremation ashes. Jacqueline Kennedy: Emerald and Diamond Ring Jackie Kennedy and John F. Kennedy’s fairy-tale romance was the talk of the town in their day and still is. It comes as no surprise then that John F Kennedy chose a ring that was magnificent enough to symbolize his love for Jackie. The 2-carat diamond and 2-carat emerald setting include a cluster of diamonds that emphasize the two central stones. Fused together within a ring made out of gold, the unique design continues to stand out and attract people to this day. Designed by Van Cleef and Arpels, the design is often regarded as a masterpiece for its contrasting elements and striking design. Blue Heart Diamond Ring The origin of the blue heart diamond ring dates back to a time between 1909 and 1910. Sometimes referred to as the "Eugénie Blue”, experts believe the diamond mistakenly refers to its connection with French Empress Eugenie. However, the connection between the two is quite questionable as they come from entirely different time periods. The heart-shaped diamond roughly weighs 35.27 metric carats and is surrounded by a cluster of 25 colorless diamonds. Strikingly blue in color, it is believed that Cartier bought and sold the diamond to an Argentinian woman named Mrs. Unzue in 1910. The magnificent blue heart stone was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC a few years later and remains there to this day.

TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Definition History of Cremation Cremation Processes and Arrangements Culture and Religious Views on Cremation Myths and Misconceptions Advantages and Disadvantages of Cremation Cremation costs Trends and Technological Advancement Cremation Scandal Introduction Life is so stunning that death has fallen in love with it, a green-eyed mean love that seizes all it can. No matter how old our loved one is when they die, we feel we do not have enough time with them. This is why death is often seen as a tragedy. So, in response to the pain of death, we create a celebration of a person’s life – especially if someone has lived their life to the fullest and been loved by others. This is done in many different ways, such as a religious funeral, burial ceremony, or cremation service. Cremation is derived from the Latin word ‘cremo’, meaning the burning of a dead body. The modern cremation process is defined as the burning of a corpse using a column of flames at a temperature of around 1000 degrees Celsius in a furnace powered by natural gas or oil. When the process is complete, only bones and ash, the cremation ashes, remain. Science defines the cremation process as the combustion, vaporization, and oxidation of dead bodies into basic chemical compounds. These components include gasses, ashes, and mineral fragments which retain the appearance of dry bone. History of Cremation No one knows when the cremation began, but there is evidence that people were cremated in China as early as 8,000 BC. However, most experts conclude that cremation becomes prominent around 3,000 BC (the Early Stone Age). It is believed that the practice started in Europe and the Near East and later spread to Northern Europe in the Late Stone Age period. There is evidence of the cremation process in ornate pottery excavated in Western Russia. In the Bronze Age, the cremation process spread to Spain, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, and Ireland. Centuries later, groups such as the Freemasons, revolutionaries, and anarchists practiced cremation to reduce the influence of the Catholic church. In fact, the Roman Catholic Church opposed cremation until the 20th Century. In Asia, cremation was mostly practiced by Buddhists, in particular, in both China and Korea before 1300 AD. The modern cremation process began in the late 1800s. Cremation Processes and Arrangements There are no fixed rules on how to get cremated. Instead, funeral and cremation arrangements vary based on tradition, culture, and religion. Sometimes choices are determined by the services and options available at funeral homes. Still, funeral directors and crematoriums typically work together to meet the funeral and cremation requirements of the deceased and the family. The cremation process can be structured so that a ceremony occurs either before or after the actual cremation of the body. Cremation ashes are sometimes displayed in an urn at a ceremony day after the cremation process has been completed. This makes it impossible to say definitively how long a cremation service takes. A requiem mass or other religious ceremony can be conducted either on the actual day of cremation or before as part of the cremation process. Of course, a medical certificate must always be secured from the coroner or the doctor stating the cause of death in order to authorize the cremation of a body. Once this has been obtained, the physical cremation process can begin. A requiem mass or other religious ceremony can be conducted either on the actual day of cremation or before as part of the cremation process. Of course, a medical certificate must always be secured from the coroner or the doctor stating the cause of death in order to authorize the cremation of a body. Once this has been obtained, the physical cremation process can begin. If there is to be a formal religious ceremony, such as a mass before the actual cremation, funeral directors will often provide a casket to hold the deceased. This casket is not cremated with the body, so the funeral and cremation can be considered two separate parts of the cremation process. Not creating the casket also preserves the cremation ashes. This is how you can make diamonds out of cremation ashes. Before every cremation, family members (or, in most cases, the funeral directors) remove jewelry and devices such as pacemakers and spinal cord stimulators. A declaration that no potentially hazardous device remains on the body is required during the cremation process. Medical devices, such as a pacemaker, could explode during the cremation process, damaging the cremator and potentially injuring staff. Cremation chambers are designed to handle one body at a time, allowing for the collection of cremation ashes from each body. Cremating multiple bodies at one time is illegal in the United States and many other countries. Although unrelated to the process of turning cremated ashes into diamonds, this regulation is the first step in knowing a cremation diamond is made from the remains of a loved one. In modern crematoriums, the body is stored in a temperature-controlled room until it is transferred to the cremation chamber where the actual cremation takes place. The cremation is preheated to about 600 degrees Celsius. The body is quickly transferred into it through a mechanized door to avoid heat loss. Once the door is closed, the body is exposed to a column of intense flame of about 1,000 degrees Celsius. The heat first dries the body (75% of the human body is composed of water), then quickly burns and vaporizes soft tissues and muscles. In the final stages of the cremation process, the bones calcify. When complete, only cremation ashes remain. These are the cremation ashes that are turned into diamonds. However, the remains are not ashes as popularly imagined but resemble dry bone fragments. These are then usually processed by a cremulator – a machine that turns the fragments into ashes. This process typically takes about 20 minutes. This final step in the cremation process results in dust with the texture and color of fine sand. However, the remains are not ashes as popularly imagined but resemble dry bone fragments. These are then usually processed by a cremulator – a machine that turns the fragments into ashes. This process typically takes about 20 minutes. This final step in the cremation process results in dust with the texture and color of fine sand. The weight of cremated remains is approximately 4 pounds (1.8 kg) for adult human females and 6 pounds (2.7 kg) for adult human males. These cremation ashes can be turned into diamonds. The volume of ashes varies depending on several factors and is an important consideration when turning cremation ashes into diamonds. The average human body takes from two to three hours to be completely cremated. After the cremation process is complete, the cremation ashes remain. Not everyone collects the cremation ashes from the crematorium. Some choose to allow the funeral director or crematorium operator to dispose of the cremation ashes. Those who do choose to collect the cremation ashes of their loved one have several options. Cremation ashes can be interred in a cemetery. Some cemeteries have special buildings called columbariums for the interment of ashes. Cremation ashes can be stored in an urn at home or scattered at sea or on private land. As a final step in the cremation process, cremation ashes can be made into another object. Ashes can be combined with other materials, made into fireworks, or used as ink in tattoos. They can be added to artificial reefs in the ocean. Cremation ashes can be launched into space or allowed to float out over the ocean in a helium balloon. It is also possible to make a diamond out of cremation ashes as a final step in the cremation process. Turning cremation ashes into diamonds creates a beautiful heirloom that permanently memorializes the deceased. This choice brings closure to the cremation process and allows the surviving loved ones to cherish the cremation diamond to express their love for the deceased. Funeral and cremation services, like the cremation process itself, have changed considerably over time. How cremation works and how to get cremated is now more a matter of personal preference than at any time in the past. However, for many people, cultural and religious views still influence the cremation process. Culture and Religious Views on Cremation Judaism – The Jewish religion has always disapproved of cremation. They believe that the dead should be buried as soon as possible in a casket. Cremation also brings memories of the Holocaust for some Jews. However, the cremation process is now considered an option for many Jews. Reformed Judaism allows for cremation, although it continues to be considered taboo among traditional Jews. Islam - According to Muslim Sharia Law, the corpse must be buried underground after death. Cremation is strictly forbidden. Islam allows for very little leeway on this topic, allowing cremation only in cases of disease outbreaks and only when approved by clerics. A resurrection of the physical body is a chief tenet of Islam, and burial is the only way this is considered possible. Christians – Christianity believes in the resurrection of the body at the second coming of Jesus Christ, and so historically has to forbid cremation. The burning of bodies was reserved for criminals, enemies, and idols. However, most Christian denominations allow for cremation, and some Roman Catholic cemeteries even have columbariums for the interment of ashes. In favor of earth burial, practiced as a symbol to represent the interment and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The burning of bodies was reserved for criminals, enemies, and idols. The early Christian church vetoed cremation as it was practiced by Pagan societies such as the Romans. Hinduism – Unlike other major religions, Hindus have long practiced cremation to dispose of bodies. Their belief in reincarnation and the concept of the soul developing over many lifetimes places the emphasis on the spiritual over the physical body. Hindus also view cremation as an offering to Agni, the Hindu god of fire, and a way of helping the soul pass on to a new body. Eastern Orthodox Christians - According to the beliefs of Eastern Orthodox Christians, the body is a gift from God and so a cremation is not acceptable. However, some followers choose a cremation following the funeral mass where the body is present. In extreme circumstances, this has even been sanctioned by the church, but burial is the only option for devout followers. Atheism - Atheists do not believe in God, gods, or life after death, nor is there a codified set of what atheists do believe. Therefore, there is no set practice regarding funerals and cremation. The cremation process is viewed as a practical choice and is sometimes specified by the deceased. Funerals are also personalized events with no set liturgy or formula. Buddhism – like Hindus, Buddhists believe in reincarnation - that the dead go through a transformation to be reborn again. And, like Hindus, Buddhists also have a long tradition of practicing cremation. Cremation is a part of the typical Buddhist funeral service and is done four days after death to allow the soul time to transition to a new body. Cremation rates vary widely worldwide depending on culture, economy, religion, and regional factors. Countries like Nepal, the only Hindu kingdom in the world, have a rate that is over 95%. The cremation process is also very common in India, again because of the country's religious background. The availability of land also plays a role in the acceptance of the cremation process. Funeral and cremation are virtually synonymous in countries such as Japan. Large cities in Scandinavia have rates of up to 90%, while the national average in Norway, for example, is only 36%. However, countries where the Catholic church has been dominant have a much lower rate. The cremation process is used about 10% of the time in countries such as Italy and Poland. The availability of cemetery plots may also contribute to the wide use of burial rather than cremation. Attitudes toward the cremation process are changing. In England, the rate has steadily increased from 34.70% in 1960 to 75.44% in 2015. Almost all younger people in South Korea, where cremation is already widely accepted, indicate that they want to be cremated. By 2020, the cremation process is expected to be chosen most of the time in the United States. Understanding how cremation works and how to get cremated has contributed to accepting the cremation process. Attitudes toward the disposal, storage, and conversion of cremation ashes into other objects are also changing. Turning cremation ashes into diamonds that are treasured keepsakes is a growing practice. Myths and Misconception The cremation process has always been associated with various myths and misconceptions. For example, some believe that ashes are mixed during the cremation process. The fact is that crematorium personnel are highly professional and the cremation chamber is thoroughly cleaned after each cremation. Cremation ashes returned to the family are those of the loved one, and a cremation diamond made from those ashes is also genuine. Some people believe that family members must buy an urn and put it in a columbarium in order to hold a memorial service. The fact is the funeral and cremation services can be handled in accordance with family wishes. Likewise, ashes can be disposed of in a number of ways, including turning cremation ashes into diamonds. Some think cremation is a more environmentally sensitive choice. However, the use of fossil fuels in the cremation process negates some of the ecological savings of a traditional burial. Depending on the type of burial and the disposal of the ashes, the cremation process may or may not be more environmentally friendly. One final misconception is that cremation involves burning the body on a funeral pyre using wood or other combustible material. This would mingle the cremation remains with wood ash. In fact, the body is incinerated at an extremely high temperature (between 1460 and 2200 degrees Fahrenheit) in a well-designed furnace. Cremation remains are exclusively the remains of the cremated body. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cremation Apart from religious reasons, some people prefer cremation to traditional burial for diverse reasons, such as a fear of the long and slow decomposition process following burial in the ground. The cremation process, on the other hand, is very quick and results in cremation ashes that can be stored or converted into diamonds. Cremation is also viewed as a way of simplifying the funeral process. Depending on the type of service, the cremation process can be much cheaper than a traditional burial. Cremation is also popular among expatriates, as the cremation ashes can be transported easily. Turning cremation ashes into diamonds also allow families to easily keep cremated remains with them as they move. Interment or placing cremation ashes in a cemetery columbarium can mean separation if the family moves away from the area. Cremation Costs Cremation is generally much cheaper than a traditional burial, particularly if ashes are not interred. That said, in recent times, the costs of cremations have risen, in part due to crematoriums upgrading their equipment to comply with the new environmental regulations. In the United Kingdom, charges for cremating an adult range between £500 and £3000. In the United States of America, the cost varies from state to state with the lowest cost of around US $650. These costs do not include a funeral or memorial service typically involved during burial. Because cremation is often viewed as a cheaper way of conducting a funeral, it is sometimes associated with low-income families. In fact, the cremation process appeals to all classes of people. The fact that you can make diamonds from cremation ashes demonstrates the appeal of cremation to all income levels. Furthermore, many celebrities have chosen cremation, including: The physicist, Albert Einstein John F Kennedy, former US president Margaret Thatcher, former prime minister of the United Kingdom Wangari Mathai, Nobel peace prize laureate Tupac Shakur, a rapper, and actor Singer/songwriter, Amy Winehouse Walt Disney K.R. Narayanan, a former Indian president However, cremation comes with some drawbacks too: If the family wishes to bury the ashes, a grave space will still need to be acquired. Since cremation is much cheaper than a traditional burial, some funeral homes add on extra costs to make up for the shortfall in revenue. There is an additional expense in purchasing the urn if the remains are kept. Cremating emits carbon dioxide - a major greenhouse gas. Cremation also consumes fossil fuels. Some people feel that cremation hinders the mourning process, as there is nobody afterward. Trends and Technological Advancements The modern cremation process, used across the world today, was invented by an Italian Professor named Brunett in 1873 during the Vienna Disposition. The number of crematoriums has increased steadily worldwide ever since, and additional technological advancement has improved the process of cremation dramatically. A new technology, Alkaline Hydrolysis is currently gaining popularity. It is referred to as “Green Cremation” because it does not create carbon dioxide and significantly reduces the use of fossil fuels. Instead of a flame, it uses a liquid to cremate the body in about the same amount of time. Green cremation uses only about 25% of the energy as traditional cremation. Green cremation is growing in popularity and is expected to emerge as the most common and energy-efficient method of creating in the future. Like traditional cremation, green cremation also results in cremated remains that can be returned to the family. These remains are referred to as “bone shadows” and may undergo an additional process after green cremation. Pets Cremation Cherished pets such as dogs, cats, birds, rabbits, hamsters, and even reptiles are often cremated. This often takes place at a veterinarian’s incinerator devoted specifically to animal cremation. Estimates place the worldwide pet cremation market at about $3 billion. However, the pet cremation industry is largely unregulated, resulting in multiple animal cremations, fake cremation, and, sometimes, the return of fake ashes to the animal’s owner. Pet owners are strongly advised to use reputable pet cremation providers to insure the remains returned to them are those of the beloved pet. Cremation ashes from pets can also be turned into diamonds. The volume of ashes necessary to make a diamond may present a challenge, but the basic process of using carbon in cremation ashes to make a diamond is the same for pet ashes and human remains. Cremation Scandal The scandal surrounding the Tri-State Crematory, located in Georgia in the US, astonished many Americans in early 2002. Over 300 bodies were never cremated because of cremation capacity and furnace dysfunction. Families received fake ashes made of wood and cement. The owner, Ray Brent Marsh, was arrested on over 300 criminal violations and was ultimately charged by the State of Georgia with 787 counts, including theft by deception, abusing a corpse, burial service-related fraud, and giving false statements. Marsh was facing a possible prison sentence of thousands of years. He ultimately pled guilty and was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Publicity surrounding the incident has led to an evaluation of laws governing the cremation industry in the United States as well as stricter enforcement of professional codes of conduct. The cremation process is becoming a more readily accepted and popular method of treating human and pet remains. Common misconceptions are being corrected and a more accurate understanding of cremation and the options regarding cremation ashes are working their way into cultures around the world. Moreover, respect for diversity in culture and religion means it is up to the individual and their loved ones to make this final decision. This includes the decision regarding the cremation ashes. Choosing to turn cremation ashes into diamonds is quickly becoming a heartfelt solution for people around the world.

TABLE OF CONTENT The 5Cs of Diamond Grading Properties of a Diamond Can You Tell the Difference Between a Lab-Grown Diamond and a Natural Diamond? Diamonds represent a world of glitz, sparkle and color They are projected in various sizes, shapes, and characteristics – which summarize their intrinsic value. However, this makes the choice of a good piece of diamond quite tricky. Expert jewelers and graders possess the adequate experience to judge the quality of diamond using a systematic grading system and can help you with choices when necessary. However, having prior knowledge - however minimal - before a purchase is advantageous. Luckily, consumers can also glean from the universal grading elements known as the 5Cs to ascertain the features of the diamonds in hand. In this guide, we highlight the unique system of grading the quality of your diamond. The 5Cs of Diamond Grading Until the middle of the twentieth century, there was no official standard by which diamonds could be graded. Gemological Institute of America (GIA) created the first, and now globally accepted standard for grading diamonds: Color, Clarity, Cut and Carat Weight. Today, the universal standards for assessing diamond quality have adopted certificates as the 5th C. Carat Weight The diamond carat is perhaps the most important feature of the 5Cs. It is the unit or value of the weight of diamonds. The weight of goods is invariably a measure of the cost of those goods. Larger goods are typically valued more than smaller ones, so carat weights represent a world of value to diamonds. A digital scale measures diamond carat weights, and measurements are stated in metric carats (ct). One gram represents five metric carats in measurement, while about 142 metric carats represent one ounce. Metric carat measurements are divided into 100 points with one point a hundredth of a carat. For example, a diamond that weighs 0.86 carats will be said to weigh eighty-six points. Diamond carat weights are also presented in decimals and carats. A diamond weighed at 1.04 carat will be addressed as “one point oh four carat.” The approximation of these units of measurements determines price variations. This is why you’d find a larger diamond more expensive than two smaller diamonds of the same quality. However, it is noteworthy that the price correlations based on the carat weight of a diamond are variable and subject to other aspects such as the diamond cut, diamond color, and diamond clarity. Color Slight variations in diamond color can influence the value. Two diamonds can be of the same diamond carat weight and have other similar features but a color change can dramatically impact the price. This is why color is a crucial factor in ascertaining the quality of your diamond. According to the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), diamond color ranges are based on a 23 grading scale that ranges from D to Z with sections classified as: Colorless (D to F) Near colorless (G to J) Faint (K to M) Very light (N to R) Light (S to Z) Several conditions should be noted when choosing a diamond color. These conditions include the setting, the lighting conditions of the room, and the background used for checking. A simple way of telling the diamond color is by laying it face down on a white sheet of paper in a well-lit environment. Cut A well-cut diamond is an aesthetic display of creative craftsmanship and so, diamond cuts are a vital quality determinant. A beautifully crafted diamond is a reflection of its polish and proportions. The proportions determine the direction the light travels through the diamond while its polish determines how it appears to the eye. When held against the light, the way you see a diamond is due to three optical effects: the Brightness i.e., white light reflections, Fire i.e., color flashes, Scintillation i.e., light and dark areas. Like color, diamond cuts are subject to grading systems that range from 0 to 10. An ideal diamond cut will be graded 0 while a poor diamond cut will make the 8 to 10 mark. It is, however, noteworthy that diamond cut and shape differ. Fancy shaped diamonds come with names of their own. This is why you’d come across pear, oval, princess, heart or emerald-cut diamonds. However, the fancy cut is not a determinant of the quality of the cut. You can have a poorly cut emerald-shaped diamond. Clarity The diamond clarity rating ultimately determines the excellence of your diamond. Though they are considered as nature’s gift, natural diamonds are subject to surface imperfections and inclusions. These imperfections invariably affect diamond clarity and value. The diamond clarity characteristics are graded via 10x magnification examinations, after which they are placed on an 11-grade scale. When referring to inclusions, gemologists often use the term “internal characteristics” instead of flaws. Diamonds with poor clarity grades are prone to accidental damages such as cracking, shattering, or chipping. In some cases, low diamond clarity makes the gem give off less brilliance in appearance despite the light conditions. Diamonds with the fewest and smallest inclusions receive the highest diamond clarity grades. Certificate A diamond certificate is a document prepared by a trained gemologist in a diamond grading laboratory, after a thorough assessment of all the defining features on your gem. The certificate itself does not affect the final price of your stone, however, it lists all the qualities, additional processes and enhancements that may affect the value of your diamond. The certificate also states whether your diamond is natural, lab-grown or enhanced. It is important to double check the consistency and reliability of the grading laboratory that issued a diamond certificate before making your final purchasing decision. Some grading laboratories follow different standards and therefore may reward significantly higher or lower grades compared to the existing international standard. The most internationally recognized diamond grading laboratories include; Gemological Institute of America (GIA), American Gem Society (AGS) and International Gemological Institute (IGI) Properties of a Diamond Beyond the quality determinants of your diamond, it is also important to understand the properties of diamonds in order to ascertain the legitimacy of the diamond in hand. Material Properties Natural diamonds are classified as excellent electrical insulators. Though good conductors of heat, they can withstand high levels of heat without changing form. Diamond will oxidize in the presence of oxygen when heated up to 7000C and remain stable in the presence of ideal gases such as Argon. Diamonds can withstand over 30000C under certain pressure levels. Diamonds (both natural diamonds and lab-grown diamonds) exhibit fluorescence. They emit and reflect light of different colors under appropriate wavelengths (365nm). Physical Properties The basic physical properties of diamonds include: Color ranges from colorless, pale yellow, blue-white to rare reds, grey, and blacks. The density of natural diamonds ranges from 3.5 to 3.53g/cm3. This value may differ in the case of lab-grown diamonds. Natural diamonds are brittle and have a Mohs hardness grade of 10 – typically the hardest naturally occurring material. They can be transparent, translucent, sub-transparent, or opaque. The typical natural diamond luster will range from adamantine to greasy based on the cut though they have a colorless or white streak. The crystal system of diamonds is isometric and the fracture pattern is majorly irregular. Though the hardest naturally occurring material, the perfect cleavage of natural diamonds (as well as lab-grown diamonds) makes them susceptible to shatters when placed under the right amount of pressure. Chemical Properties The chemical properties of diamonds include: They crystallize in the diamond cubic crystal system (space group Fd3m) and consist of tetrahedral, covalently bonded carbon atoms. High resistance to acids but will dissolve in hot steel. They have no boiling point. Can You Tell the Difference Between a Lab-Grown Diamond and a Natural Diamond? Contrary to popular belief, lab-grown diamonds are real diamonds. The only significant difference between lab-grown diamonds and natural diamonds is their origin. They possess the same sparkle, lattice arrangements, and properties as natural diamonds. As such, the differences are quite impossible to spot, especially when it comes to visual recognition. However, gemologists and industry leaders use specialized laboratory equipment to differentiate between the two. Lab-grown diamonds cost less than natural diamonds by about 20 to 40 percent on average. This is due to the mining costs and sustainability of the purification process. Consumers that are particular about environmental sustainability usually forego mined or natural diamonds for their lab-grown counterparts. Diamond grading reports and certificates also confirm if a diamond is natural or lab-grown. Overall, the best diamond grading laboratories for both natural diamonds and lab-grown diamonds are the GIA, AGS and IGI, because they give specific and detailed grades on each diamond feature. Whether you’re looking for a perfect gemstone for an engagement ring or classy stones for a beautiful piece of jewelry, nothing makes a statement like the sparkle of a diamond. However, before splurging on one, take time to study its quality first.

TABLE OF CONTENT How Does Funeral Insurance Work? Types of Funeral Insurance Policies Life Insurance vs. Funeral Insurance How to Choose the Best Funeral Insurance Policy? Alternatives to Funeral Insurance Death is an inevitable part of life. Unfortunately, it’s a topic of discussion that most cultures either consider taboo or discourage open conversations around. In reality, preparing and planning for death is important because it helps the deceased to make the most of their final moments in life and also spares the bereaved from the burden of making difficult decisions in the event of a death. Funeral insurance, also known as burial insurance, is an important part of planning for death. It is a way to ensure that all aspects and costs of the funeral process are taken care of in advance because let’s face it, the cost of funerals in the UK and USA continues to rise exponentially and most families can’t afford to make a one-off payment, especially one that wasn’t planned for. So, whether you prefer burial or cremation, you’re going to need a number of funeral services; each attracting a different cost. How Does Funeral Insurance Work? The premise is simple. You pay a fixed amount to a funeral insurance company of your choice (similar to a standard insurer) and in return, the company will offer you a burial insurance package, with the details of all services covered under the package. You’re required to keep paying the premiums between when the funeral insurance policy starts and when you die. After you’ve passed on, the funeral insurance company typically provides a fixed pay-out for your funeral process, with coverage ranging from $5,000 to $15,000. The Average Cost of Funeral Insurance in the UK and USA The average funeral insurance cost depends on several factors: The face amount of funeral insurance cover Your age – the older you are, the higher the cost of a funeral insurance policy Current health prognosis Gender On average a man over 50 in good health will pay £15/$16 per month for a £5,000/$5,000 policy. The funeral insurance cost rises to £60/$65 per month at the age of 80 and above. The funeral insurance cost for women is similar although generally a few pounds/dollars cheaper per month. For example, a healthy 50-year-old woman will, on average, pay burial insurance of £13/$14 for £5,000/$5,000 cover. The funeral insurance cost rises to £45/$48 at the age of 80 and above. It’s worth getting a personalized funeral insurance quote as there is a significant difference between the funeral insurance costs offered by different companies in the UK and USA. Breakdown of Average Funeral Costs in the UK and USA According to the National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), the average cost of a burial in the USA is $7,000, whereas the average cost of a cremation is $2,000. In comparison, the average cost of a burial in the UK is £1,698 whereas the average cost for a cremation is £823. The average funeral costs cover the following services: A basic service fee for the funeral home. Transporting the deceased’s remains to a funeral home Embalming fee Preparing the body Facilities and staff to manage the viewing Facilities and staff to manage the funeral ceremony Hearse Casket or urn The median cost of a funeral with viewing and burial Burial vault Types of Funeral Insurance Policies There are two main types of funeral insurance in the UK and the USA: Preneed Policy A preneed policy is a funeral insurance package whose benefits cover the cost of a funeral; whether cremation or burial. Services covered under this policy include; basic fees for the funeral home, burial or cremation merchandise, and church fees. The preneed funeral insurance policy is paid out virtually immediately, once the death certificate has been received and the funds are paid directly to the funeral home of your choosing. Whereas this type of burial insurance does make the funeral process easier, there is a possibility of overpaying the funeral home. The funeral insurance policy pays a set amount, if your funeral doesn’t cost that much, then the funeral home keeps the difference. Prepayment Policy These are the standard approach to funeral insurance and are often referred to as whole-life policies. You pay the agreed installments while you’re alive. Upon your death, the agreed payout amount is transferred to your designated relative. The idea is that the bereaved have enough funds to cover the cost of the funeral process but they’ll still have to arrange all the intricate details. Life Insurance vs. Funeral Insurance In essence, there is a small difference between life insurance and funeral insurance. Both have the capability to pay a lump sum at the end of the contract and in both cases, your beneficiary will receive the funds. However, in the case of life insurance policies, the package usually covers a wide range of areas such as death, accidents, and illnesses. In addition, life insurance is generally a cheaper option compared to funeral or burial insurance. Life insurance also has the potential to pay out a much higher amount, depending on the type of policy you take out. All in all, the decision on what insurance policy to take out should be based on your financial situation. How to Choose the Best Funeral Insurance Policy? Consider the following aspects before deciding on a funeral insurance policy: Determine if Funeral Insurance is Right for You Funeral insurance is a good option for anyone worried about their loved ones not having the funds to pay for a funeral. Having funeral insurance takes away all the financial burdens associated with the funeral process so that the bereaved have time to grieve. If money isn’t an issue, there is little benefit to having funeral insurance. Understand Your Needs Before you take out funeral insurance you need to know what type of funeral process you would like and how much this will cost on average. This will ensure that your funeral insurance policy pays out enough to cover the actual cost of your desired funeral. Analyze Your Monthly Budget Before you take out a funeral insurance policy, you need to be confident that you can afford to make the regular payments that cover the total funeral insurance cost. Know What You Qualify For Your current health will affect the price of a premium. In turn, this affects the type of funeral insurance policy you can afford. It’s important to verify what services in the funeral process are covered by your intended funeral insurance policy before you commit. Compare Policies and Ask Questions There are many different insurers in the USA and the UK who offer a range of funeral insurance policies. Make sure to get several quotes and compare them before finally settling for any funeral insurance cover. Inform Your Beneficiary Once you have a funeral insurance policy in place, make sure that your beneficiary knows. Let them know about any preferences you have for the funeral process as well as they will be responsible for placing the insurance claim in the event of your death. Alternatives to Funeral Insurance There are several options available if you decide that funeral insurance is not the right choice for you when planning the funeral process. Some of these include: Funeral Bonds Instead of taking out a funeral insurance policy, you can decide to invest money in a dedicated funeral bond. Funeral bonds require regular payments over time, and the money invested grows in value with interest. The money can only be used for the funeral process and the value can either appreciate or depreciate. Payable on Death Accounts These work in a similar way to funeral bonds but, instead of being invested, the funds are placed in a special account and cannot be accessed until your death. A payable-on-death account will offer a fixed rate of interest, all you have to do is keep putting money in the account for it to grow in value. A payable-on-death account can result in additional funds for your loved ones after the funeral process is paid for. Savings Accounts Another alternative to funeral insurance is a standard savings account. This gives you complete control and you can access the funds whenever you need to. For this approach to be effective you’ll need to know the funeral process costs and make sure the funds in your account are adequate at all times. In the event of an emergency, you can withdraw the funds and there’s also the possibility of increasing the account balance so that it’s enough to cover funeral costs and other expenses that might arise after you’ve passed on. Funeral insurance is an effective way to ensure your loved ones have the funds available to pay for your funeral. Although there are other options available, the commitment to monthly installments and guaranteed pay-out, make this an attractive and affordable way to reduce the burden on those you love.

TABLE OF CONTENT The Differences between a Funeral and a Memorial Funeral Etiquette for the Guests Funeral Etiquette for the Bereaved Family Funeral Etiquette during COVID-19 Pandemic Funerals are one of the most delicate moments in all human life. They are a time when family and friends of a deceased gather, not only to comfort each other but also to say goodbye to a loved one by celebrating their life and reflecting on all the love and memories shared. The sensitivity surrounding funerals calls for courtesy, kindness, empathy, and understanding towards the bereaved and this reflects in speech, dress code, and how we conduct ourselves while attending a funeral. These aspects are part of a broader term, known as funeral etiquette; the customary code of polite behavior among funeral attendees. Before we delve into some of the integral dos and don'ts of funeral etiquette, it’s important to understand the difference between a funeral and a memorial: The Differences between a Funeral and a Memorial A funeral is a ceremony or service held shortly after a person's death, usually including a final disposition in the form of burial or cremation. When the bereaved plan a funeral service in the UK and USA, where the deceased’s remains are physically present, the ceremony is typically divided into; the visitation, the funeral, the committal service, and the reception. A memorial, on the other hand, is a service held to pay respect or commemorate a deceased loved one, in the absence of their physical remains. A typical example of a memorial includes services that are held on the annual anniversary of the death of a deceased. Typically, a memorial service is not a replacement for a funeral. Instead, memorial services help the bereaved to reflect on the life of the deceased and to honor the memories shared with them, long after they’ve transitioned into the afterlife. Funeral Etiquette for the Guests It’s important to note that funeral etiquette may vary based on the country of origin, religious affiliation, and existing family traditions. However, the popular dos and don’ts of funeral etiquette for invited guests include: What to Say While it is possible to feel pressured to overexert condolences, less is more. Keep words simple and empathize with the bereaved. Words like "I'm sorry for your loss," "This must be so hard for you," or "My thoughts and prayers are with you"; are enough to express your condolences or support at that point. Also, sharing a fond memory of the deceased will help the bereaved family and other guests to focus their attention on happier moments Funerals are not moments to relive the death of the deceased or cause more grief to the bereaved family. So, avoid comments like "I know how you feel" or "How did he die?" What to Do It is emotionally and physically overwhelming to plan a funeral for a deceased loved one. Let the bereaved know that you’re thinking of them by creating a record of you attending the funeral by signing the guestbook with a meaningful quote, a thoughtful condolence message, or a beautiful memory of the deceased. Remember to sign with your full name and indicate your relationship with the deceased. Turn off your phone, and if you must keep it on, turn off the ringer. It is disrespectful to have your phone ring out loud while a memorial or funeral service is ongoing. Funerals sometimes include religious customs; try to get along with the rituals. What to Wear Funeral attire is one of the most important landmarks for funeral etiquette. Funerals and memorials are usually somber, so attires should be conservative. Whereas black is known as the traditional color for funerals in the UK and USA, more neutral colors like the darker shades of grey are increasingly being adopted for funerals today. Also, some funerals dictate what theme color to wear as a way to pay homage to a deceased’s favorite color. In this case, make sure to stick to the color code. Try not to go for revealing clothes or under-dress. What to Bring to the Ceremony The most popular traditional funeral gifts in the UK and USA include flowers, gift cards, and food baskets among other things. However, it is essential to do your research first and to make sure that the gifts are not inappropriate or extravagant. For example, when it comes to a Jewish funeral, sending flowers is not an appropriate gesture of sympathy. Funeral Etiquette for the Bereaved Family When making funeral arrangements for a deceased loved one, the bereaved family should consider the following funeral etiquette guide: Notification of Death In the event of a death and for purposes of making funeral arrangements, close family members should be notified first. The announcement can be made by whoever has the most intimate relationship with the deceased, or whoever is present at the time of death. Where to Sit When people plan a funeral or memorial, the remains of the deceased (which can be in a casket or cremation urn) are usually placed at the front and the center of the room. For most funeral services, the first three rows are reserved for the bereaved family. Proper funeral etiquette requires that family members sit close to the casket or cremation urn, depending on how close they were to the decedent. What to Wear Depending on the culture, funeral attires range from black, and red to white. However, proper funeral etiquette in the UK and USA dictates that family members dress conservatively in demure or dark colors. Whereas black is a generally acceptable color, darker shades of blue or gray can also be worn. The men may go in black suits, sport coats, or black collared shirts while ladies choose formal dark dresses. What to Say It is okay if you don’t feel like speaking at the funeral of a deceased loved one. However, it is important to spare a few words in order to thank all who came to the funeral to sympathize with you and the rest of the bereaved family. Funeral Etiquette during COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic brought up lots of restrictions, and the mode of spread makes it quite challenging to plan a funeral or grieve the loss of loved ones. According to health experts, the more extended physical interaction lasts, the higher the risks of spread. Therefore, to help stop the spread of COVID-19, make sure that your funeral arrangements adapt to the following funeral etiquette: Wear Your Mask Properly The nature of COVID-19 is such that transmission is fluid. In-person gatherings and all close interactions increase the risk of spreading COVID-19. Therefore, if you must attend a funeral, wear a multi-layered mask that fits snugly to your face and covers both your mouth and nose. Maintain Social Distancing Beyond wearing masks, include social distancing in your funeral arrangements. Reports have shown that the closer the distance, the higher the risks of spreading the coronavirus. When making funeral arrangements or while you plan a funeral, consider holding the ceremony in a well-ventilated environment. Attendees should maintain distances up to 2 meters (or 6 feet) apart from each other. Instead of hugging or holding hands, opt for smaller gestures such as nodding, waving, or a slight bow to acknowledge each other. Limit the Number of Invited Guests Proper funeral etiquette during COVID-19 includes limiting the number of funeral attendees to family members and close friends. Technology has made it possible to connect with loved ones wherever they are and at all times. Therefore, consider using live streaming services for all that can’t attend the event in person to join the event virtually and commemorate with you wherever they are. Funerals are universally emotionally difficult periods. As such, knowing how to act during this period can be challenging. While it is possible to feel overwhelmed by societal funeral etiquette issues, understanding the applicable rules can go a long way in making others feel comfortable at a funeral or memorial.

TABLE OF CONTENT Facts about Blood Diamonds and Their Trade The Origin of Blood Diamonds The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme Conflict Free and Ethically Sourced Diamonds Facts about Blood Diamonds and Their Trade Blood diamonds, also known as conflict diamonds are diamonds that are mined and sold in a war zone to fund conflict and insurgency, typically resulting in various human rights violations. The term is used to refer to the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas or to identify an individual diamond as originating from such an area. Whereas the quality of blood diamonds is not typically different from that of other diamonds, their origin and distribution chain is a subject to be questioned. The Origin of Blood Diamonds In the last two decades alone, seven African countries have experienced brutal, blood diamond-fueled civil wars: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Blood diamonds heighten civil wars by financing military and rebel militias. In addition, rival groups also fight among themselves for the control over diamond-rich areas resulting in tragic consequences such as bloodshed, loss of life and shocking human rights violations. A case in point is the 2013 civil war in the Central African Republic, in which both sides fought over the country's diamond deposits. Thousands of people died and more than a million were displaced. In addition, the majority of the world's diamonds, an estimated 80% or more, are mined in areas where there are human rights problems. For example, up to 20% of these gems are extracted by artisanal mining, a practice that actually contributes to environmental, health and human rights violations such as child labor, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction. Although the issue of blood diamonds has largely disappeared from the limelight in recent years and most of the wars that fueled the worst human rights violations on the African continent have subsided, some experts argue that the battle is far from won, even in the face of a number of initiatives aimed at curbing the flow of these gems. According to industry experts, blood diamonds are estimated to account for as much as 15% of the total diamond trade. The Fight against Blood Diamonds Global Witness was one of the first organizations to address the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade". The Fowler Report of 2000 also explained in detail how UNITA finances its war activities and led directly to the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1295 in May 2000. The diamond-producing countries of southern Africa met in Kimberley, South Africa, to plan a method to stop the trade in conflict diamonds and reassure diamond buyers that their diamonds had not contributed to the violence. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme In December 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a landmark resolution supporting the creation of an international certification scheme for rough diamonds. By November 2002, negotiations between governments, the international diamond industry and civil society organizations led to the creation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme's document sets out the requirements for the control of rough diamond production and trade and came into force in 2003 when participating countries began implementing its rules. The scheme has 56 participants representing 82 countries. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme places extensive requirements on its members to enable them to certify shipments of rough diamonds as "conflict-free" and to prevent conflict diamonds from entering the legal trade. The member states must establish national laws and institutions, implement export, import and internal controls and also commit to transparency. Participants can only trade legally with other participants that have met the minimum requirements of the scheme, and international shipments of rough diamonds must be accompanied by a Kimberley Process Certificate that guarantees they are conflict-free. Implementation is monitored through "verification visits" and annual reports, as well as through the regular exchange and analysis of statistical data. Criticisms of the Kimberley Process Scheme The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, causing key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme. In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict free as was the case in 2006, where roughly $23 million worth of diamonds were smuggled from Côte d'Ivoire into the Congo, where they received Kimberley Process certificates before being traded off internationally. While the process served as a method of bringing peace to the global diamonds market's looming chaos, especially in the UK and USA, experts perceived it to be a smokescreen to other paramount underlying issues . For example in 2008, when the Zimbabwean army seized the Marange diamond deposit and massacred more than 200 miners, this was not considered a violation of Kimberley Process protocols. Thousands of people were killed, raped, injured and enslaved, but the Kimberley Process did not label these conflict diamonds as such because there were no rebels involved. Trace by De Beers As the world began to subscribe to the evolution of digital technology, the diamond industry gleaned from it and established an immutable solution for tracking diamond movements across borders in order to curtail the trade of blood diamonds. In July 2016, De Beers Group in collaboration with key industry stakeholders introduced a traceability platform that allows managers to build systems that use a block chain database to track diamonds through the supply chain, i.e. from mines to jewelry stores Conflict Free and Ethically Sourced Diamonds Despite trading restrictions on blood diamonds, the oversight in certification schemes makes them available at competitive prices in diamond markets across the UK and USA. To make sure that you are not buying blood diamonds, you should consider the following options. Lab-Grown Diamonds Lab-grown diamonds are diamonds created in the laboratory, using technology that replicates the process of natural diamond formation. Lab-grown diamonds possess the same optical, physical and chemical properties as natural diamonds and are a responsible choice as they do not involve mining or its negative effects. Lab-grown diamonds are also becoming increasingly popular as a means of commemorating deceased loved ones. In a process known as "diamond burial", specialized companies such as LONITE extract carbon from the ashes or hair of a loved one and transform it into a memorial diamond that the bereaved can cherish forever. Canadamark Diamonds Though relatively new to the diamond industry, Canada holds an excellent record of producing highly traceable conflict free diamonds beyond the UK and USA landmarks. Canadamark diamonds are distributed and tracked through serial numbers. Blockchain Diamonds Blockchain technology represents a time-stamped series of digital records that are not subject to any single entity's control. Here, blocks of data are created and bound by layers of encryption (i.e., the chain). The uniqueness of this technology is that data can only be added but not changed. As such, it adds transparency to any system it is applied – which explains why blockchain diamonds are becoming increasingly popular. Recycled Diamonds Recycled diamonds are reportedly the largest pool of conflict-free diamonds, especially in the UK and USA trade markets. Recycled diamonds are gotten from great finds at old grounds, auctions, antiques, and heirlooms. They also bear similarities to memorial diamonds such that people that wish to cherish their loved ones reset, clean or re-cut diamonds to keep them looking pristine. Recycled diamonds break the chain of demand for mined diamonds and as such, is a way of circumventing the purchase of conflict diamonds. However, with some origins not particularly known, there are still risks of purchasing a blood diamond. The truth is that it has been a decade since the term blood diamond came into the public domain and the hard facts show that there is basically still no way to be sure that your stone isn’t a blood diamond. Only you can stop the conflict by removing yourself from the chain of command; and buying lab-grown diamonds is the only way to be sure that you are not part of the problem but the solution.

TABLE OF CONTENT Diamond Certification What is a Diamond Certificate? Contents of a Diamond Certificate Types of Diamond Certificates Importance of a Diamond Certificate Diamond Certification vs. Diamond Appraisal Diamond Certification Buying a diamond is one of the most important purchases in one’s life. As such, this decision goes above and beyond simply selecting whichever stone looks pretty, to closely examining the quality and characteristics of the diamond in question, based on its diamond certification. Here’s everything you need to know about diamond certification, how and where to get one. What is a Diamond Certificate? A diamond certificate, also known as a diamond report, is a document that describes the unique features and qualities that affect the value of a specific diamond, for example color, clarity, cut, carat weight, the origin of the diamond and any additional processes previously carried out to modify or alter the appearance of a diamond. Contrary to popular belief, diamond certificates do not guarantee or certify that a stone is of high quality. They simply describe the diamond’s characteristics based on an evaluation done by experts in gemology. As part of the diamond certification process, some diamond grading labs engrave the girdle of the gemstone with a serial number that matches the one on the diamond’s certificate. This is especially useful in recovering the diamond if it’s ever lost or stolen. Contents of a Diamond Certificate Diamond certificates differ based on the diamond certification lab. However, most certificates contain the following information: The Unique report number Date of examination Exact measurements of the diamond Cut style and diamond shape Clarity grade Color grade Carat weight Clarity grade Proportion diagram Diamond plot that shows a diamond’s inclusions and blemishes Polish grade Girdle thickness Security features Relevant notes Explanation of grading It is important to note that diamond grading is subject to personal interpretation. This explains why different diamond certification labs can award different grades to the same gemstone. Before committing to a diamond certification lab, research their reputation and the consistency of their diamond grades. A diamond certification lab that continuously offers high diamond grading for low-quality diamonds doesn’t give value for money since a slight difference of one color or clarity grade can translate to as much as 25% increase or decrease in the price of a diamond. Types of Diamond Certificates There are a number of diamond grading laboratories around the world, all of which produce their own diamond certificates based on their own terminology and standards. Some of them include: GIA The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) is a nonprofit institute dedicated to research and education in the field of gemology. They are potentially the best known and most respected diamond certification lab because of their consistency in diamond grading. GIA developed the International Diamond Grading System based on the 4Cs as a standard to compare and evaluate the quality of diamonds. They also provide training for gemologists and jewelers across the globe in order to ensure that their strict standards are met everywhere. AGS AGS (American Gem Society) prides itself on being the first lab to provide diamond cut grades, and just like the GIA, this diamond certification lab is popular for the consistency they have exhibited in diamond grading over the years. According to industry experts, AGS is also believed to have the easiest diamond grading reports among all the diamond certification labs in the UK and USA. Till date, the grading system at AGS is unique and in fact, their cut grade is the only one of its kind in the industry, since it uses number scales from 0 to 10. However, it is worth noting that AGS standards on color and clarity grading are somewhat looser than those of GIA. IGI The International Gemological Institute (IGI) started off as the most popular diamond certification lab for major jewelry chain stores, especially those based in the USA. Their approach is designed to impress retailers, which means they’re fast and efficient, but often lax in their grading. Compared to GIA, diamonds graded by IGI often have a higher color or clarity grade EGL EGL stands for European Gemological Laboratories. It’s a collection of diamond certification labs, independently owned in Europe and the UK and they tend to have a looser approach to diamond grading, you’ll often find the grade is one, or even two, levels higher than the USA-based GIA and AGS. EGL diamond certificates are generally discouraged due to the over grading and quality misrepresentations at the EGL diamond certification lab. HRD Hoge Raad voor Diamant (HRD) is a European based diamond certification lab. Again, this is a diamond certification laboratory built for diamond sellers as they consistently over-rate diamonds, in order to increase potential profits for diamond retailers. Experts estimate that the color and clarity are often two grades higher than GIA diamond grading and the prices are also relatively higher than GIA diamonds of the same grade. GSI Gemological Science International (GSI) is a newcomer on the diamond grading scene. The approach of this diamond certification lab is strictly business. Instead of focusing on the quality of the diamond and issuing the appropriate diamond certificate, GSI has committed to providing cheap assessments to the biggest jewelry companies in the USA and beyond. Unfortunately, this is not a diamond certificate you should be inspired by. Research suggests that their diamond grading is consistently looser than GIA, AGS, IGI and HRD diamond certificates altogether Importance of a Diamond Certificate The detail on the diamond certificate gives you all the information you need to know about your diamond and it also allows you to compare it with others so you can make a logical and well informed purchase decision. The larger the purchase the more essential it is to have a diamond certificate from a USA or UK based lab that you can trust, such as GIA. It’s up to the customer to make sure the grading of the diamond matches the jeweler’s description of the gemstone. It’s worth noting that a diamond certificate from one of the lax labs is still better than no certificate. Buying a diamond is usually a significant financial and emotional commitment. The diamond certificate ensures you’re getting what you’re paying for. Diamond Certification vs. Diamond Appraisal It should be noted that a diamond certificate is not the same as a diamond appraisal. The diamond certificate confirms that the diamond has been examined by a gemological lab and its various qualities and features have been assessed and listed. In contrast, a diamond appraisal simply indicates how much a diamond is worth in monetary value based on current market conditions and the quality of the diamond. The diamond certificate is an essential part of your diamond purchase. However, make sure to also get a diamond appraisal before making any purchase as this will help to ensure you’re getting the quality of diamond that you’re paying for. Unless you’re a highly skilled jeweler or gemologist, it’s impossible to determine whether a diamond is worth its price tag by simply looking at it. That’s why you need both a diamond appraisal and a diamond certification from a reputable and independent diamond certification lab in order to ensure that you get value for your money.

TABLE OF CONTENT The Stages of Grief: Also Called the 7 Stages of Grief How to Deal with Depression after the Loss of a Loved One What is Death Consulting after a Person Passes Away and Why it is Important? Existing Ways and Products for Memorial after a Cremation or a Cemetery Burial How to Cope with the Pain of Losing a Child Dealing with grief, loss or bereavement of a family member, a friend or a beloved pet is never an easy process to go through but is unfortunately unavoidable at some point in life. The loss of a loved one is definitely one of life’s most stressful events and can often cause you a major emotional crisis, although people may have different ways to cope with the grief. Mourning is however the natural grieving process we all go through to accept and deal with a loss. The Stages of Grief: Also Called the 7 Stages of Grief Grief is the normal response to the loss of a loved one. Grief presents itself in different forms such as; emotional response to loss, physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical dimensions. The 7 stages of grief in UK, USA and Australia include: Shock and Denial - 1st stage of grief Hearing about the death of a loved one can be difficult; most people usually react by denying the reality of the loss, so as to avoid the pain. Shock and denial are natural in the grieving process especially if the death was sudden or unexpected. However, the most important thing to remember about the grieving process is that it takes time. Pain and Guilt - 2nd stage of grief Feeling responsible or regretful for a perceived offence whether real or imaginary is part of the grieving process. You may start to feel guilty about something you said or something you should have done for the deceased that you may even desire to go back in time and do some things over again. Anger and bargaining - 3rd stage of grief Anger is another stage in the grieving process where the bereaved usually question why is this happening to them. Some resent themselves for the inability to change the situation and others even attempt to ask God to return their departed loved ones in exchange for a good deed. Depression, reflection and loneliness - 4th stage of grief At this stage in the grieving process, one may withdraw or isolate themselves from people. As the pain of losing a loved one begins to fade, you may be filled emptiness or loneliness and the need to isolate yourself on purpose because it feels like no one understands. Grief makes you reflect on all the things you did with your loved one and brings back all past memories. The upward turn - 5th stage of grief Although it’s hard to imagine life without your dear one, it gets better with time and the grief is not permanent. Slowly by slowly, it becomes easier to deal with the loss and you start to feel better without even realizing it. Reconstruction and working through grief - 6th stage of grief This is the stage in the grieving process where you'll start to work your way through the aftermath of losing a loved one. You might find yourself reorganizing your life to adjust to the loss or even dealing with financial costs from the funeral arrangements among other things. Acceptance and hope - 7th stage of grief Acceptance doesn’t mean pretending that the loss ever happened; it means that you start to talk about it freely, and you're able to think about your loved one without being overcome by pain and grief. Life will obviously not be the same, but you will have the precious memories of your loved one to help you through it all. Keep in mind that the time spent in each stage of grief is different for everyone, so don’t feel pressured to feel better soon because someone else said so. Instead, surround yourself with people that love and support you. How to Deal with Depression after the Loss of a Loved One After facing a loss and during the grief process, it is important for the grieving person to have a solid emotional support system to help with the recovery. Family members and close friends can greatly help but there are also support groups, community organizations, and mental health professionals that exist around. Some of the existing solutions that help people in UK, USA or Australia deal with the grief of losing a loved one include: Joining a support group where members share personal experiences and give each other emotional support and relevant tips on how to cope with the grieving process. Adopting a routine that includes more of the things you love such as sports, healthy eating and travel. This helps to keep your mind off a departed loved one. Challenging negative thinking by keeping a list of the things/memories that you are thankful. This encourages a positive attitude and numbs the pain caused by grief. What is Death Consulting after a Person Passes Away and Why it is Important? When a person passes away, there are various matters that should be considered and addressed in conjunction with an attorney; it will also require the involvement of the surviving family members. Some of these processes include: Addressing funeral arrangements and related costs Funeral arrangements start with registering a death and acquiring the Death Certificate. You can then decide on whether to use a funeral director or not and whether to bury or cremate the deceased. It is important to crosscheck for if the deceased had a prepaid funeral plan or any other benefits that cover expenses of the funeral arrangements. The review and understanding of previously signed estate planning documents This applies in case the deceased had a business and there is need to discuss transition. It requires a durable power of attorney, a Will or trust with beneficiaries and a letter of intent that defines what should be done with a specific asset after. Such letters usually detail the deceased’s preferred funeral arrangement process. Addressing the division and securing of the personal belongings These include photos, furniture, jewelry and clothes among other things that are usually not accounted for in a Will. The Executor of the Will is responsible for deciding who gets what. Complying with tax requirements Final individual income tax returns of a deceased are prepared in the same way as in when they were alive. All income up to the date of death must be reported and all credits and deductions to which the deceased is entitled may be claimed. Existing Ways and Products for Memorial after a Cremation or a Cemetery Burial Modern families today are embracing cremation funeral arrangements as opposed to traditional burial. A case in point, 77% of all funerals in the UK are cremations rather than burials, in Canada and Australia this takes up about 68.4% whereas some states in the USA such as Nevada and Washington have a rate as high as 76%. Cemetery burial is a method of final disposition where a deceased is placed into the ground. It can be held at home, in a churchyard, cemetery, and woodland burial sites or at sea. Burial funeral arrangements include short readings, prayers and scattering of soil or flowers onto the coffin. Cemetery burial requires both a burial certificate/green form and a burial plot application form. The cost of cemetery burial in Canada is approximately $9000; the average cost in the UK is £4,271. In Australia, the fee rises to $15,000 for a burial complete with casket and flowers whereas in the USA, cemeteries charge roughly $7000 to $9000. Memorials after Burial Include: Memorial bench: This is a piece of furniture that commemorates a deceased. They can be placed in a public place or in a private garden at home. Memorial garden: These are areas planted as a tribute to the life of a deceased. Cremation is the process through which the body is converted to basic elements via heat. On average, cremation takes about 1 to 3 hours for a human body. Since cremation is irreversible, the state requires a next of kin to authorize cremation in writing; in UK and USA a medical examiner has to also identify the body first before it is placed in a large special purpose kiln for several hours and the temperature raised to approximately 2,000 degrees. The impurities such as gold and other medical metals are then separated using a magnet before processing and placing the remaining fragments and ashes into an urn selected by the family during the funeral arrangements. Then, the ashes are tagged individually and accompanied by an affidavit of cremation. Cremation funeral arrangements can include any or all of the elements of a traditional burial including visitation, a wake, and church service either before or after the cremation. Besides being environmentally friendlier, cremation funeral arrangements are also very cost friendly compared to cemetery burial funeral arrangements. The average cost of cremation in the UK is £3,744 and varies in the USA between varies between $495 and $1,500. Canada charges between $600 and $4,500 whereas Australia charges $2,000 to $6,000. When making cremation funeral arrangements, the bereaved have to plan for a final resting place for their loved one. Whereas some people choose to simply store the ashes in an urn at home, modern families are more interested in exploring other unique memorial options such as: Ashes into a Tree: After choosing a preferred tree, the ashes of a deceased are put in a biodegradable urn which is used to nourish the tree. You can fix this in your cremation funeral process if your deceased loved one has a special love for nature. Cremation diamonds: These are diamonds made out of the carbon content of a deceased’s ashes. Cremation diamonds are a special tribute to the life of your departed loved one since they are practically diamonds that symbolize love and eternity. To create cremation diamonds, the hair/cremated ashes of a deceased are analyzed to determine whether they contain enough carbon to be turned into a cremation diamond, about 200g of ashes or 10g of hair are required. The ashes are then placed in a specialized crucible which is heated to over 5000F to make sure every element except carbon oxidizes. Temperature is raised further so that carbon can become graphite. The graphite with a metal catalyst and a diamond seed crystal are placed into the core. The core goes into a specialized diamond press capable of creating extreme tension which then starts working thus bringing the pressure to about 800,000 pounds/square inches. During the last stretch when the press is working, the temperature in the room stays about 2500F so that the ashes turned cremation diamonds become solid. This process takes 6 to 9 months(1 ct) and results in rough crystals that are cut and polished into cremation diamonds. Cremation Diamonds cost approximately $ 1,250 to $21,500 Ashes into a reef: Here, an eternal Reef is designed with environmentally-safe cast concrete mixed with your loved one’s ashes to help rebuild the aquatic eco system. This option is well embraced by people with a connection to the sea such as marines and fishermen. Disposal of the ashes into the sea or lake: The ashes are carried in a waterproof urn before scattering them in the sea as opposed to simply placing the urn in water. The ashes must not be scattered on a privately-owned stretch of river without permission. Ashes into space: After the cremation funeral arrangement, ashes are sealed in small capsules and launched into space. These missions may go into orbit around the Earth, the Moon or further into space. Leading Death Causes among Young People Aged Between 15 and 25 around the World According to World Health Organization, approximately 56.9 million people die globally , every year. These are some of the leading causes: Accidents and Unintentional Injuries This is the main cause of death for young people aged between 15 and 25 years; it accounts for about 41% of the deaths in USA. Accidents can result from drunk driving, ignoring speed limits, not wearing a seat belt for road users, or they can come from medical negligence among other causes. Suicides Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one’s own death. These are the second most common cause; accounting for 18% of deaths for young people. Suicide is impulsive and can be triggered by stress, bullying and financial trouble among other things. Homicide This refers to the act of one human killing another and they account for 16 % of the deaths in this age group. Most of these are as a result of gun violence, illegal possession of firearms or other weapons such as knives. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse This refers to a pattern of repeated drug or alcohol use that often interferes with health, work or social life. Drug and alcohol abuse accounts for up to 15% of the youths' deaths, usually resulting from an over doze. Cancer This is a disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy the body tissue; it accounts for up to 5% of the total deaths in young people. The earlier cancer is diagnosed and treated, the higher the chance of it being cured, it is therefore in your best interest to do regular medical check-ups. Flu and Pneumonia 0.6% of this age gap experiences this in their young adult life. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs, sometimes resulting from the severe and deadly causes of flu. In 2016, flu and pneumonia were in fact the 8th leading cause of death in the USA. Infant Mortality The leading causes of infant mortality in USA, UK and Australia include congenital disabilities, disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight and infant death. Congenital Conditions This is an often-inherited medical condition that occurs at or before birth. The most common types include; congenital heart disease and Down syndrome and may be as a result of genetic, infectious, nutritional or environmental factors. Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases This is the 3rd leading cause of deaths among young people in USA and UK and these diseases affect the lungs. These include; chronic obstructed pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and they are mostly common in cigarette smokers. Stroke Although many tend to think that this is a disease for the aged, research has shown that 0.6% of the youths are dying from it. Stroke requires a medical diagnosis but symptoms may include; trouble walking, speaking and understanding things as well as paralysis. Child Mortality Number Decreased around the World There has been a notable decrease in child mortality since the 1990s. A case in point, 1 in 11 children died before reaching age 5 in 1990 compared to 1 in 26 who died in 2017 – this figure amounts to 5.4 million deaths. Although the margin has significantly reduced, there is still need to reduce this number to an even smaller fraction. The leading causes of child mortality under age 5 in 2017 included; preterm birth complications, acute respiratory infections, congenital anomalies and diarrhea. 47% of under-five deaths in 2017 were neonatal. How to Cope with the Pain of Losing a Child It is hard to come to terms with the death of a child especially at a tender age. The feeling is even worse for parents that have to endure the grief of their child’s sudden death, not to mention the weariness that comes with making funeral arrangements that depict how much the deceased meant to you. The following are some useful tips that can help a parent overcome the grief of losing a child: Talk to a Therapist or Grief Counselor If grief is taking a toll on you, talk to a professional therapist to guide you in meaningful ways to overcome your pain and adjust to life after the loss of a loved one. Turn to Friends and Family No matter how much you pride in being self-sufficient, seek the comfort of friends and family. Spend time together physically and accept help from those who understand your grief. Draw Comfort from Your Faith Embrace spiritual activities that are meaningful to you such as going to church, praying, and meditating. For those whose religions preach about the afterlife, you can rest assured that you will be united with your loved one again.

TABLE OF CONTENT A Celebration of Life vs. a Memorial Service How to Plan a Celebration of Life Event? Unique Ideas for a Celebration of Life Event Guest Etiquette at Celebration of Life Parties A celebration of life is an event that focuses on the individual relationships, memories, and connections shared with a deceased loved one. Unlike funerals and memorials, a celebration of life isn’t underpinned by religious customs, but by the personality of the deceased. In the UK and USA, a celebration of life can be held in conjunction with a funeral or a memorial service and as a separate ceremony any time after the death of a loved one. For this piece, we explore the ideas and essentials of a typical celebration of life events. A Celebration of Life vs. a Memorial Service Whereas both ceremonies are meant to honor the dead, a celebration of life takes a less somber note and focuses on celebrating the deceased, their life, and achievements. The attire and mood in a celebration of life are frequently casual and the ceremony is held as a party instead of a religious or cultural affair as is the case with a memorial service. Memorial services are usually held at funeral homes or chapels and other religious institutions, whereas a celebration of life can be organized at any possible location. Memorial services also tend to be more structured and programmed to the last minute. Both the celebration of life and memorial service is held in the absence of the deceased's physical remains. How to Plan a Celebration of Life Event? A celebration of life event should focus on exchanging stories about the deceased and reflecting on how much they impacted the lives of those around them. To plan a life celebration event, focus on the following aspects: Focus on the Departed When planning a celebration of life ceremony, it’s easy to get carried away dwelling on your personal memories of the deceased. However, proper life celebration etiquette dictates that the focus should remain entirely on the life of the departed. Create a theme or a memory table that showcases all the things that the deceased was most proud of or eulogize their interests, hobbies, or favorite places. Ask for Ideas from the Deceased’s Inner Circle Reports have shown that close friends are psychological kin, and in some cases share a deeper connection with the deceased. With the prime focus of any celebration of life, events being deceased, it is essential to ask their inner circle or closest friends for ideas on how best to celebrate them. Decide on a Meaningful Venue Consider organizing the celebration of life event at a location that has an emotional significance to the deceased, for example, their favorite restaurant or café. To plan a celebration of life event, it is also essential to consider the availability of the venue, the proximity of the venue, its capacity, and the theme of the event. Since a celebration of life is usually casual and secular in the UK and USA, you can also decide to do a picnic, camping trip, or garden party. Create a Guest List Compiling a guest list will undoubtedly provide you with insights on how to plan a life celebration; including immediate family and friends is an excellent place to start. Guest lists are not restricted to the friends of the deceased, which means that you can also invite your network. After all, the goal is to celebrate life. Decide on Who Will Officiate Beyond the guests, the main officiant (i.e., the celebrant) also sets the mood for the celebration of life party and creates a sense of organization. If the official celebrant is a religious leader, customize their eulogy to accommodate the theme of the event, or opt for a friend or relative with excellent oratory skills. Select a Meaningful Reading You may choose quotes, poems, religious prayers, or personal writings that eulogize the deceased. Alternatively, organize to have every attendee share their most fond memories of the deceased and any other personal anecdotes. Create a Program for the Day As opposed to memorials, celebrations of life events usually have no structure and can therefore be stressful to manage. To plan a life celebration event efficiently, draft a program for the day and attach a time schedule to each activity. Unique Ideas for a Celebration of Life Event Celebration of life events can range from a simple backyard ceremony to something as elaborate as a bucket list trip. The most important thing is to customize the event to the personality of your deceased loved one. Here are our top picks for a celebration of life event: Plan a Trip You could plan a life celebration trip or cruise to places or landmarks that the departed used to frequent or wished to visit. It could be within the UK, the USA, and any other places abroad. In this case, employ the services of a reputable travel agency or tour agent for proper organization, before issuing an open invitation to friends and family. Host a Charity Event in Honor of the Deceased The most common celebration of life events includes the bereaved hosting a charity fundraiser and then donating the proceeds to a cause that was meaningful to the deceased for example breast cancer awareness if the deceased succumbed to cancer. Decorate a Memorial Tree You may decorate a tree in your backyard or at a funeral home to honor your deceased loved one. This is a culture prevalent in both the UK and USA. You could design your loved one's name on a plaque and hang it on the tree, paint the name on the tree's bark or hang a half-filled mason jar containing your loved one's favorite flower floating. Set Up a Memory Board Create a board where you can pin pictures of the departed – it could also be pictured with their favorite quotes, poems, and other personal mementos. According to life celebration etiquette, consider inviting family members and friends to contribute to this project and pitch in where necessary. Create or Personalize a Memorial Bench Creating a bench in memory of a deceased loved one often doubles as a way of giving back to the community. Memorial benches are very common in both the UK and USA, as they provide a place for the bereaved to reflect on and commemorate deceased loved ones. A customized memorial bench can be placed in a private garden, porch, public park, or a place that holds high sentimental value to the deceased. However, placing a memorial bench on private property and other public spaces is bound by local rules and regulations. Scatter Ashes at a Meaningful Location If the deceased was cremated, consider scattering their ashes in a location that holds sentimental value. This includes scattering the ashes at sea, sporting venues, hilltops, or even private property. The ashes can also be sent to space or used in a fireworks display. It is also possible to have the ashes converted into a unique memorial diamond. Create a Memory/ Time Capsule You can create a time capsule or memory capsule by placing things that remind you of the deceased in an airtight container and burying the container in the ground. In the future, you can all get together to dig it up in a memorial ceremony on the anniversary of the deceased's death. Create a Tribute Video Creating a tribute video has no limits. You could create a mash-up of all great moments with the departed, string pictures together, and have family and friends share their memories and add any other relevant input. Share a copy with all necessary parties as a treasured keepsake. Guest Etiquette at Celebration of Life Parties Life celebration etiquette for guests or attendees of a celebration of life party includes: Look for a guestbook if available and sign it Introduce yourself if not an intimate family member Dress respectfully or according to the dress code requirements stated in the invite Express sympathy and support A celebration of life is a unique way of honoring the life of a deceased loved one in the UK and the USA. Due to the fact that they require a personal touch, there is a lot of planning that goes into it. Therefore, endeavor to involve family and friends so that nobody feels left out.

Thanks to the recurring global coverage of environmental issues such as pollution, deforestation, wildfires, global warming, and the adverse effects of climate change, more and more people in the UK and USA are becoming aware of the impact of day-to-day human activities on the environment and continuously making an effort to adopt eco-conscious habits. TABLE OF CONTENT How to Have a Green Burial Types of Green Burial Grounds Benefits of a Green Burial The Average Cost of a Green Burial One particular topic that has come under scrutiny is the aspect of traditional cemetery burials. According to an article in the Berkeley Planning Journal, formaldehyde-based embalming fluids contribute to air and soil pollution, yet approximately 800,000 tons are buried in USA graveyards annually. This, coupled with the amount of wood, steel, and cement buried along with the body, significantly impacts the environment. Therefore, to minimize the negative effects of traditional burials on the environment, scientists and environmentalists are now fronting green burials and other forms of natural burials as sustainable alternatives. How to Have a Green Burial A green burial or natural funeral is the interment of a deceased in a manner that allows the body to decompose and get recycled in nature completely. Green burial emphasizes simplicity and environmental sustainability; the deceased is neither cremated nor prepared with any chemicals whatsoever. Instead, the body is placed in a biodegradable coffin or shroud and buried at an approved green burial site. Green burial products in the UK and USA include: Biodegradable coffin Biodegradable urn Compostable Linen Green burial wash – used in preparing the body without chemicals Environmentally friendly shroud Green headstone Eco-friendly flowers Rules and Regulations Governing Green Burials Although green burial is legal in the UK and USA, there are rules and regulations for dealing with human remains that must be followed. Some of these include; The most important green burial law is that the containers used for interment (coffin or urn) must be biodegradable. The body of the deceased can be prepared by a funeral director or anyone with a durable power of attorney for healthcare. However, not all states in the USA recognize the decisions of a designated agent, so it’s important to double-check with concerned authorities. Green burials forego the process of embalming the deceased. Fortunately, embalming is not a legal requirement. However, the states of Alabama and Alaska in the USA require it when the body is transported across state lines. New Jersey, Minnesota, Idaho, Kansas, and California require embalming only when the body is being transported on a common carrier such as an airplane or train. Most green burial cemeteries in the UK and USA also forbid or limit personal plantings and any memorial decorations on graves to preserve the natural landscape. The rules and regulations for a green burial differ based on your location. Therefore, before you start planning, research all the green burial sites in your local area, and corresponding green burial laws, and compare the green burial costs so as to make an informed decision. The Green Burial Council The Green Burial Council is a nonprofit organization that encourages environmentally sustainable death care in North America. They aim to reduce toxins, waste, and carbon emissions associated with funerary products and services and utilize burial to acquire, restore, and steward natural areas. The Green Burial Council has a strict certification criterion that awards cemeteries and funeral directors for their professionalism in upholding green burial laws and standards. The council currently recognizes roughly 72 cemeteries that conduct green burials across 40 states and five provinces in the USA. The Green Burial Council is a great resource to boost your knowledge on green burials, certified green burial sites, the current green burial laws in North America, green burial costs, and general support when planning a green burial. Types of Green Burial Grounds Three types of green burial sites comply with green burial laws in the UK and USA: Hybrid Burial Grounds A hybrid burial ground is a regular cemetery or graveyard that allows both traditional burials and green burials. These cemeteries don’t require embalming and have a provision for the deceased to be buried in any type of container, including those required by green burial laws, for example, a biodegradable coffin, an eco-urn, or a shroud. Natural Burial Grounds In contrast, a natural burial ground is a place that is already a part of nature, for example, wildflower meadows, woodlands, or even parks. According to the Green Burial Council, the cemetery has to be designed, operated, and maintained to produce a naturalistic appearance, based on the use of plants and materials native to the region, and patterns of landscape derived from and compatible with regional ecosystems. In addition, natural burial grounds must have a pesticide-free integrated pest management system. This is a favorite for nature lovers as the green burial costs are cheaper, and the deceased transitions into a “greener” afterlife. Conservation Burial Grounds In addition to meeting all the requirements for both hybrid burial grounds and natural burial grounds, conservation burial grounds are green burial sites that conserve land to increase the conservation goals of an ecologically significant park, wildlife corridor, critical habitat area, or permanently protected open space. Conservation burial grounds must also be owned by a government or non-profit conservation agency that the Internal Revenue Service recognizes as a public charity and in business for at least five years. Benefits of a Green Burial There are two main benefits of green burials that everyone should be aware of: Environmental Conservation Green burial sites in the USA and the UK are designed to minimize environmental impact. All green burial products are biodegradable and leave no trace of the deceased as they decompose and return to nature in a way that nourishes the natural landscape. Affordability Due to the fact that green burials use much fewer resources, the average green burial cost in the UK and USA is significantly cheaper than the cost of a traditional burial. Green burials make a substantial difference for low-income families and those that want a simple sendoff that includes being one with nature. The Average Cost of a Green Burial If you’re planning a green burial for a deceased loved one in the UK or USA, it is important to compare the green burial costs and packages from different service providers, before making the final decision. UK The average cost of a green burial in the UK can be between £300 and £3,000. Much depends on the type of green casket you choose, the green burial site where your loved one will be buried, and any additional services such as floral tributes and transportation. The UK currently has approximately 260 green burial sites across the country. USA Green burial in the USA will cost between $1,000 and $4,000. These fees cover the green burial plot and interment of the body. A grave site and interment for cremated remains cost roughly $200 to $1,000. Both options may require a one-off fee for burial site maintenance. The opportunities to become one with nature are limitless when it comes to green burials. One of the most unique options is creating a memorial garden at home so that the deceased can be buried close by. In the UK, burying a relative on land you own is permitted as long as the death is registered officially and medical professional signs off on the cause.